The Swimmer Essay Example for Free

The Swimmer EssayThe sport of swimming is unitary that is firmly contested but is not for the weak and soft hearted. Bright and early morning sessions are an expectance and a normal person would see a swimmer as crazy. Swimming is a sport that requires determination, dedication, commitment and some serious time management. Swimmers endure much pain, stress and anxiety with fitting everything into their lives without the daily troubles of family and relationships. I testament discuss my experiences and my daily adversities and joys along with the mental and physical times that I endure as a swimmer. Getting up at the muffled hours of morning when the buzzer screeches and reads 445 is not a very pleasant sight to any i. This sight of the clock to swimmers is a regular viewing and wiz that they do without hesitating. When I think what time I get up and why, so many thoughts dwell through my head. While other students are cuddle in their beds with the heating on and breakfast to meet them when they wake I am swimming in reasonably cold water, enduring laps of pain, with many thoughts entertain me. After enduring these laps I do not have an appetizing breakfast only a mere prima of juice and muesli bar merely enough to look forward to.Many would think small-arm reading this, then why do you do it? The answer is a simple one I see a sense of belonging in the sport. If I were to quit swimming which I have dwelled and neared acting upon, I would feel unfit, foggy and would feel as if I was not good at anything and therefore nothing to be recognized as. As a leader in one of the sports at the college, I feel satisfied that at least I am giving something to a team and once again feel a sense of belonging. If I were to give up and not swim next year in my last-place year at the college, I would feel as if I had let myself down as well as the team and I would not mean much to the college.In my short career in swimming I have achieved accolades that I am prou d of. These accolades include winning an Australian palm tree, being Victorian Champion, and making a Tip cover charge Australian Team. Once you have reached a level of this, it is very hard not to let go. In saying so, I achieved winning a medal at the Australian Age Championships two years ago. The year later I was struck down with illness and a shoulder injury that plagued my preparation. thwarted with coming 6th in my main event hit me hard, but I was determined to make amends for my disappointment this year. This year I trained as well as I have ever trained and was committed down to every lap. I raced my hardest and ultimately, failed. I missed the national final and to me this was a complete slap in the await for all the hard work I had done.I had prepared adequately for the meet and had just failed mentally. My legs lactated up during the race and I struggled to finish the race off. I swam the race thinking negatively and it reflected on my result. When I was younger, a couple of years ago, I believed that I had enough guts and determination to beat anyone I tried including Australian Champions. With this determination, I hit the wall. All of my confidence has diminished and I struggle to alimentation positive. After swimming my final race at the recent Australian Championships in Brisbane, I saw my time of 213.9 and place of 13th. At that fussy moment after getting out of the water, I felt total anger and anguish.Its over. Im not going to swim anymore. I said to a broncobuster competitor.They saw on my tone that I meant it. I held back tears of anger and frustration as another wasted opportunity went by. I went phratry with believing that I was going to quit swimming and found no enthusiasm or reason to continue. This was until my older brother gave me advice that at once I refused, and then I considered his suggestion of making a change and moving clubs. Due to the close relationship that I had with my coach, I struggled to imagine telling h im face to face that I was going to cease training with him. However, I took on board that he would want the best for me and even if that meant moving. I met him face to face and battled tears in telling him that I was moving to a new club and a giant force in Swimming Victoria.Now I am swimming at a club called Melbourne Vicentre which, is home to the likes of Matt Welsh, Michael Klim and Giaan Rooney. It is a prospective change for me and a change that I am hoping will improve my swimming and reflect on a happier lifestyle. Swimming is not an easy sport, a swimmer requires different strengths these strengths help a swimmer in life in swimming and beyond.No one does something because it is easy. That is why you guys are special, you guys arent normal. Swimming isnt normal, it is not normal to wake up the hours that you guys wake up at, while your friends are in bed or watching TV.

Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta Josie Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta Josie EssayIn this novel (Looking for Alibrandi) Josephine Alibrandi is seen as an illegitimate 17-year-old girl who is self-centred, ignorant and sensitive round her illegitimacy and her reputation and what people say about her behind her back. She is also described as confused because she isnt sure where she stands in life, whether she is an Australian or and Italian, and is paranoiac in thinking because she is of Italian background she is constantly creation victimised and society wouldnt see her for who she is as an individual instead as an Italian or an Australian. During her final year in High School, many events take place in her life that changed her attitudes towards both her self and others, those events ranged from the most life changing events wish well the discovering of Nonna Katias secret, the reunification of herself and her long lost biological father and the tragic suicide of her best friend John Barton to the most l east important events like the mishap involving one of the beautiful people Carly Bishop.Firstly, the sudden and un judge suicide of Josephines best friend John Barton turns her life around, The day John give offd was a nose-dive day and I hit the ground so hard that I feel as if every part of me hurts. I remembered when we spoke about our emancipation. The horror is that he had to die to achieve his. The beauty is that Im living to achieve mine.John Barton was one of the closest people to Josephine and they sh ared many things in common, she later realises how lucky she is to have to discern her own path and destiny and that some people like John Barton had their life planned out by others for them and they had no freedom over their future.Although Josephine is portrayed as a confused teenager who doesnt who she really is and where she stands in society, her emancipation changes all that, even though her emancipation didnt happen like the way she expected it to Id wake up one m orning and see the light. Feel liberated from everything. Maybe one particular incident would see me through it. Her emancipation began afterward she believed she was wrong on what she did on St. Marthas day and she had put little kids in danger, as a result of that she became more accepting in the fact that you are not always right, and just because she wore a badge saying she was school captain doesnt make her one, its whats inside her that makes her a leader.Furthermore, Josephines emancipation-in my opinion- was the main reason for her change in maturity and personality, because after she realises she is emancipated she begins to know who she really is and where she stands in life asks me what nationality I am, Ill look at them and say Im an Australian with Italian declination flowing rapidly through my veins. Ill say that with pride, because its pride that I feel. This proves that she is proud in being an Australian with an Italian heritage.Additionally, Josephine overcomes her nature in being paranoid when it comes to racism and multiculturalism, and how she is always being victimised by society because of her upbringing, her incident with Carly Bishop makes her realise that not everyone understands multiculturalism, Im not sure whether everyone in this country will ever understand multiculturalism and that saddens me, because its as much part of Australian life as football and meat-pies.Her relationship with Jacob Coote teaches her that not everyone has a problem with her been an Italian and that it is except a small minority of people who are racist, and she learns that its not because she is Italian that she and Jacob are separated.In conclusion, Josephine makes major changes in her life, which were somehow provoked by inevitable incidences, she learns to accept the fact that no matter what happens people wont stop whispering behind her back If I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk. She learns what responsibiliti es really is about and learns to appreciate and cherish every minute of her life and to not take life for granted.

Price Elasticity of Demand Essay Example for Free

Price Elasticity of Demand EssaySupply and invite plays a vital role in the economy. Price is the central determinant of both the demand and supply, for example the higher the price of a good or a service the less the overlap is demanded. In circumstance where the price goes down, demand increases. The response of price and quantity demanded create an inverse relationship between the two. Whereas demand portrays the consumer decision making in purchases, supply is drawn on makers go forthingness to make profit (Parkin, 2002). The overriding factor in determining price elasticity of demand is the willingness and faculty of consumers to easily switch from one good to an opposite (substitute goods) in case of any price change. If the demand for corn increases due to its use as an preference energy source, its supply will also increase making the soybean (substitute) supply and demand to go down. This will force farmers to shift their soybeans farms to produce more corn becaus e of the increasing demand at the market.The total revenue of the suppliers of corn oil will increase because of the increasing demand at the market. This is also because of other determinants of supply like price of the product a producer (farmer) is always aimed at maximizing his/her profits and minimizing his/her cost thus a rise in price will increase the producer willingness to supply and vice versa. Other factors that are likely to affect the supply of products include tax and technology, a producer aim at maximizes his profit but an increase will raise his expenses.Technology helps a producer in minimizing his cost of production-provided that mass production is accomplishable with technology. Parkin (2002) hints that in a market setting, the law of supply and demand predicts that the price level tends to move toward the bespeak that equalizes the quantity supplied and demanded. Therefore, equilibrium point is created a point where quantity supplied at the market and quantit y demanded at the same market is in balance, where the supply curve crosses the demand curve.At equilibrium, when demand exceeds supply at that place is excess demand and prices will increase. On the other hand, when supply exceeds demand there is excess supply and prices will decrease. Such instances where supply or demand exceeds one another are very common in the market and will cause shifts in price. But when supply and demand balances, there will be no change in price. The price which makes the supply and demand to balance is referred as market price or equilibrium price. Reference Parkin, M. , Melanie, P. Kent, M. (2002). Economics. Harlow Addison-Wesley Publisher.

α-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Coffee

-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of CoffeeAbstractThe legal action-based fractionation of chocolate solutions by a series of chromatography techniques led to the isolation of an sprightly mingled I which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against -glucosidase. The structure of compound I was established as norharman (9H-pyrido3.4-bindole) on the basis of HR-FAB-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 1H-1H COSY spectra. Compound I potently inhibited -glucosidase in a concentration symbiotic manner but it did not exhibit any significant activity against other glycosidases. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that its prohibition era mode of enzyme was uncompetitive with a Ki value of 0.13 mM.Keywords -glucosidase inhibitor, -carboline, norharman, hot chocolate, uncompetitive inhibitorIntroductionCoffee is the most commonly consumed beverages in the world and the health benefits of coffee tree consumption have been extensively studied 10 coffee has strong antioxidant properties in vivo 16, 18 and also reduces the risk of Parkinsons 11 and Alzheimers diseases 4. Recent studies have show that habitual coffee consumption is related to a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes 17, 19, but it remains unclear what mechanisms and what coffee constituents be responsible for the observed association. Animal and in vitro studies have suggested several plausible mechanisms for a beneficial effect of coffee on glucose metabolism increase in insulin sensitivity 14, prohibition era of glucose 6-phosphatase 2, an increase of glucagon-like peptide I concentration 15, and decreases the rate of intestinal concentration of glucose 12.The -glucosidase is essential for carbohydrate digestion because carbohydrates must be degraded enzymatically in the intestine before they can be absorbed. The stifling of -glucosidase slows down the process of dietary carbohydrates digestion and avoids postprandial hyperglycemia that plays a central role in the development of degenerative diabetes a ssociated complication 8. Thus, -glucosidase inhibitors have exhibited high promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type II non insulin dependent diabetes, obesity, and hyperglycemia 3.This go bad was intended to evaluate -glucosidase inhibitory effect of coffee antecedently field of studyed as hypoglycemic and characterize the active principle isolated from coffee.Materials and MethodsGeneral p-Nitrophenyl (PNP)--D-glucopyranoside, PNP--D-mannopyranoside, PNP--D-glucopyranoside and PNP--D-galactopyranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). barm -glucosidase, almond -glucosidase, E. coli -galactosidase, jack beans -mannosidase, rat intestinal acetone powders, and norharman were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Unless stated otherwise, all further chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents were of analytical grade.The UV spectrum was recorded on a Shimadzu model UV-160 spectrophotometer. High- resolu tion FAB mass spectra were obtained with a JEOL model JMS-AX505 HA spectrometer. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were obtained on a Brucker AV ergocalciferol spectrometer operating at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively. (CD3)2CO was used as the solvent.Enzyme inhibition assayThe intestinal -glucosidase inhibitory activity was goaded as described previously with a slight adaption 5. The rat intestinal acetone powder was suspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. The consecutive supernatant was used as the source of the small intestinal -glucosidases. For the assay of inhibitory activities of maltase and sucrase, the reaction mixture consisted of crude enzyme solution, 20 mM maltose or 200 mM sucrose, 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and a given amount of inhibitor (50% dim ethyl radical sulfoxide solution) in a total volume of 0.5 ml. after the reaction mixture was incubated for 15 min at 37 , reaction was stopped by heating the mix ture at 100 for 5 min. The -glucosidase activity was estimated by measuring the liberated glucose amount using the glucose oxidase method. Prior to measuring the glucose amount, the interfering agent, phenolic compounds were removed from reaction mixture by passing through with(predicate) a basic alumina column (1 x 3 cm). Acarbose was used as the positive control.The enzymatic activities of the unhomogeneous glycosidases were determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the anaesthetize of p-nitrophenol from the appropriate p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate 13. The assay solutions and the potential inhibitors were added to a 96-well plate as follows 20 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 20 L inhibitor, 10 L enzyme (1 U/mL), 10 L of 25 mM substrate and 40 L of methanol. Following incubation at 37 C for 15 min, the assay solution was stopped by adding 300 L of 1 N NH4OH solution. The glycosidase activity was determined by measuring the amount of 4-nitrophenol released from p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate was determined with a microplate reader model 550 (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) at 405 nm.All of the analyses were performed in triplicate. The concentration of the inhibitor required for inhibiting 50 % of -glucosidase activity (IC50) was calculated by adjusting the experimental data (% inhibition versus the concentration of the inhibitor) to non-linear regression curves. The mechanism of enzyme inhibition was assessed by analyzing the double- reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plot.Isolation of inhibitory compound from coffee Filtered brewed coffee was prepared in a house coffee maker 75 g of ground roast coffee of Columbian Supremo (Arabica variety) and 500 ml water to give a brewed coffee. Commercial clamorous coffee (Tasters choice, Nestle) was made by dissolving 75 g instant coffee in 300 ml of hot water. Filtered brewed coffee and instant coffee solutions were separately centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and room temperature for 15 min, and used for isolation of -glu cosidase inhibitor. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate level was then extracted with 0.1 N HCl solution. This acidic solution was again adjusted to pH 10 with aqueous ammonia and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer involveing basic components was subsequently evaporated in vacuo. Forty batches of the above ethyl acetate extracts (total 3 kg each of ground coffee and instant coffee) were concentrated and subjected to silica gel column chromatography with an isocratic solvent system of chloroform-acetone (7030). Fractions containing the active compound (F3-F6) were combined, evaporated, and subjected to a Sephadex LH-20 column (3 x 35cm) with MeOH as an eluent. Fraction number 10-12, which showed a high inhibition and a similar TLC compose (silica gel 60 F254, Merck, chloroformacetone = 11, rf 0.2) were combined and further purified. The final purification of the active compound was achieved through sem i-preparative HPLC separation on a reversed phase C18 column (Bondapak, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) eluting with 75 % MeOH and detected through absorption at 254 nm. The retention beat was 14.5 min. After removing the HPLC solvent in rotary evaporator, the active compound was obtained as a white powder by crystallization from cold acetone.Results and Discussion two instant coffee and ground brewed coffee solutions inhibit -glucosidase enzyme activity. Instant coffee showed a slightly higher degree of inhibition than brewed coffee (Data not shown). The activity-based fractionation of coffee solutions by a series of chromatography techniques led to the isolation of an active compound I (2.24 g/ g of roasted ground coffee 3.85 g/ g of instant coffee) which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against -glucosidase.The isolated compound I was shown to be chromatographically pure by TLC and HPLC with various solvent systems and deduced to be a nitrogen-containing compound based on a posi tive reaction to Dragendorffs reagent. The UV spectrum of the compound in methanol exhibited absorption maxima at 230, 285 and 348 nm. The molecular formula of compound I was determined to be C11H8N2 (M+ m/z 168.0736 calcd. 168.0688) by high resolution mass analysis. 1H NMR spectrum of compound I showed 7 aromatic proton signals (7.2-8.9 ppm) and one free proton signal (10.63 ppm). 13C NMR spectrum showed 11 carbon signals around 110-145 ppm (Table 1). Taken together, the structure of compound I was deduced as -carboline, norharman (9H-pyrido3.4-bindole, Fig. 1) with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 1H-1H COSY spectra and confirmed by comparison of physical data with those of the authentic specimen.Compound I potently inhibited -glucosidase in a concentration dependent manner, but it did not display any significant inhibitory set up against -glucosidase, -mannosidase, and -galactosidase when tested at a concentration of 10 mM (Table 2). The inhibitory profile demonstrated that the activity of compound I was greater against maltase compared with sucrase (IC50 values 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase). Although the inhibitory potency was weaker than that of therapeutic drug acarbose (IC50 value 0.18 mM for maltase and 0.02 mM for sucrase), observed data clearly indicated the potential of compound I as an - glucosidase inhibitor. The pre-incubation of compound I with the enzyme increased the inhibition of -glucosidase activity, implying that this compound reacted with the enzyme slowly. The -glucosidase activity was full restored when the enzyme was incubated with an amount of compound I which could inhibit enzyme activity up to 90 % followed by eliminating the compound I with a PD 10 desalting column (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A). This number demonstrated that compound I was a reversible inhibitor. A double-reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plotting under various amounts of compound I showed linear lines intercepting on 1/V bloc in parallel. The kinetic data sug gested that the compound I was an uncompetitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 0.013 mM (Fig. 2). As a result, compound I, a reversible uncompetitive inhibitor of -glucosidase, was isolated from coffee and identified as an active principle. When compound I was given in combination with a carbohydrate-rich diet orally, the postprandial plasma glucose levels were significantly dropped in non-diabetic rats (unpublished data).Compound I, a tricyclic indole -carboline alkaloid norharman is distributed widely in biological systems and exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological and neurological effects antidepressant and antianxiety effects in rats 7, inhibitory activities of monoamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase 9, as well as an increase of insulin secretion two- to threefold from isolated human islets of Langerhans 6. However, - glucosidase inhibitory activity of norharman has not previously reported. Coffee has been noted as the primary exogenous source of norharman. A high varia bility in -carboline content of coffee samples was observed between coffee species (arabica, robusta) and also depended on roast degree and instant coffee production process. An average of 3 cups of coffee per person per day could account for an ingestion of up to 72 g of norharman 1, although this will depend on the coffee strength.Coffee contains numerous substances. However, little is known regarding the effects of individual constituents on glucose metabolism. The cohort analyse has supported that the most prominent coffee compound caffeine is irrelevant to risk of type 2 diabetes 20. Chlorogenic acid, the most abundant polyphenol in coffee, has been shown to reduce glucose concentrations in rats, caused by increasing insulin sensitivity as well as reducing hepatic glucose output through inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase 12. Without excluding any other possible mechanism, this report observes -glucosidase inhibitory activity as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemic effect of c offee and assigns -carboline alkaloid norharman as one of active principles in coffee. Coffee appears to contain active principles other than norharman as evidenced by several active peaks in chromatography systems. It may be possible that various active constituents in coffee act synergistically against -glucosidase activity. Characterization of other active principles is under progress.Figure legendsFig. 1. Structure of compound I (-carboline alkaloid norharman).Fig. 2. A Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of rat intestine -glucosidase inhibition by compound I.4-Nitrophenol--D-glucopyranoside was used as a substrate. The concentration of compound I was 0 mM () or 0.25mM (). The values are expressed as means of triplicate reactions.Table 1. 1H and 13C NMR data for compound I in (CD3)2CO ( in ppm and J in Hz)positionCHmultiplicity, J13456789 NH10111213134.8139.5115.1122.3120.1128.9112.4122.1112.6137.2141.68.908.338.08.287.217.537.6010.63(1H, br, s)( 1H, d) J=5.5(1H, d) J=5.5(1H, d) J=8.0 (1H, ddd) J=8.0, 7.0, 1.0(1H, ddd) J=7.5, 7.5, 1.0(1H, dd) J=8.2, 1.0(1H, br. s)Table 2. Inhibitory effects of compound I against various glycosidasesEnzymeIC 50 ( M)-glucosidase (yeast)180 3.2Maltase (rat intestine)270 4.5Sucrose (rat intestine)410 11.3-glucosidase (almond)1.0 x 104-mannosidase (jack bean)1.0 x 104-galactosidase (E. coli)1.0 x 104Values are expressed as the means of triplicate reactions standard deviation.

Types Of Clinical Decision Support System Computer Science Essay

Types Of clinical finality foul System computing device Science EssayNowadays, technology is growing rapidly. With much(prenominal) tremendously growth of technology, m any(prenominal) field of industry is taking the chance in adopting these technologies to transform their business flow to fit with the environment. Medical is one of the industries that changing their services to provide better cargon and better treatment to patients. Many clinical center, hospitals or medical organization is investing on Clinical finding Support System to improve the quality of ending making from the progress of diagnosis.What is Clinical conclusion Support System?Clinical Decision Support Systems atomic number 18 active noesis placements which use two or more items of patient data to generate case-specific advice from Wyatt J, Spiegelhalter D, 1991 (OpenClinical 2001-2009)It designed to integrate with a medical acquaintance data al-Qaida as considerably as patient data to generate cas e specific advises to exploiters. In an other(a) words, it is designed to healthc be professional to name medical finis. kind of of taking the place of diagnosis as a job of data processor program, it rather intended to support the clinical estimables because computer is not able to fulfill as a human being and it may cause defect which may harm and risking others people survivability.In some area, computers pot help the clinician in retrieving details needed in the progress of diagnosis such as patients medical history, all kind of examination and science laboratory test. In addition, the reaction of medicate and allergies toward the patient pass on be taken into account to help a busy clinician to handle over light speed patients in a day. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006)What is the purpose of Clinical Decision Support System?CDSS generally is used to incite clinician by using the point of medical to provide some expert opinion or advices. A clin ician may interact with CDSS in doing determination of diagnosis, analysis and etc by according to provided patient data.Previous theories of CDSS were to use the CDSS to literally make decisions for the clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, iS idlerMyFood, 2010). By now, clinician is able to input information to the system and wait for CDSS to produce the right choice to advice them the correct action.By gone finished the computer analysis, clinician is not only making decision done own knowledge which may not be most suitable result from a diagnosis but excessively getting advices from computer to improve the quality of decision making. In another words, it served as a peripheral brain.Functions of Clinical Decision Support System at that place are 4 basic functions contain in Clinical Decision Support System which are Administrative, Managing clinical complexity and details, Cost control, Decision support by establish on Perreault Metzger.Administrative centre syst em must be administrable which means that it must be able to support clinical coding and documentation, procedures and referrals of the medical center. In order to achieve that, CDSS is always created through with(predicate) with(predicate) multiple platforms and it understands really well on all(prenominal) medicals bill procedure.Other than that, it must be able to manage clinical complexity and details. It keeps patients on research and chemotherapy protocols as clinical experts always did. It tracks patient orders, referrals go through the status of patient and preventive care after prescription.Cost controllable by avoiding any duplication of process, document or any unnecessary lab test and to monitor medication orders to confirm any incorrect places which great power be a direct harm to particular medical centers financialDecision Support is mean to support clinical diagnosis and treatment plan processes and promoting use of best practices, condition-specific guideline s, and population-based management. (OpenClinical 2001-2009)Characteristics and Types of Clinical Decision Support SystemCharacteristics of CDSSThere are 4 basic luck usually postulate by CDSS which are deduction Engine, Knowledge Base, account avouchment Module and Working Memory.Inference EngineInference Engine is the main part of CDSS. It used knowledge from database integrated with the system as well as the knowledge about the patient to generate an output or a conclusion based on certain condition. Inference engine control the actions of the system and guide system with the best actions. For an example, it willing go forth to detect the condition to trigger the alert or conclusion to be displayed in a diagnostic progress.Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base acquired the knowledge Inference Engine used to present to the users. In Knowledge base, it contains every risk factor to carry out in new lesions and risk scores. It will be built with the involvement of clinical domain e xperts with also every activity of create, edit and maintenance. In another way, some knowledge base is created through automated process. Automated process knowledge is acquired from external sources such as books, magazine, journal articles and database by a computer application. The process of creating a knowledge base is complex and complicated. In order to make it easier, at that place are tools specially created to facilitate the acquisition and elicitation of knowledge base. There is an example tool called Protg, a knowledge- based development environment.Working memoryWorking memory is a collection of patient data or form of a marrow which is stored inside database. These data may include patients age, name, data of birth, gender and etc or allergies, history medical information or problems and other information.Explanation ModuleExplanation Module responsible in composing justification for the conclusions drawn by the Inference Engine by applied Knowledge base and patien t data. This fragment is not presented in all CDSSs.In another way, CDSS evoke work on synchronous mode and asynchronous mode. In synchronous mode, users can travel by directly with application to wait for the output from system. Users will have to wait for the output in order to continue their works. For example, CDSS checks for doses interaction or any practical medicine that patient allergies to then clinician will only able to continue to diagnose patient by based on the result generated by CDSS. When there is in asynchronous mode, CDSS is finishing independently while does not required user to wait for. For an example generate a checkup reminder for patients.CDSS can be categorize as open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop CDSS will generate a conclusion but it takes no action directly by its own. Usually users will take the actions on the final decision. For an example, CDSS generates alert or reminder to users to take the actions. A Closed-loop CDSS is the opposite of open-loop CDSS. It will take actions by its own without any interpellation from users. For an example, system will automatic save up all details of diagnosis process.CDSS can be also an event monitor, a consultation system or a clinical guideline. Even monitor is a software application that converts every available data into electronic format and uses its integrated knowledge base to send reminder to clinicians appropriately. Consultation system allows user enters the details of a case and in another way, the system will provide user a list of problems that may explain the case and suggestion the best action to be taken.Clinical Guideline basically developed by a group of clinical experts and disseminated by the government or by professional organization and it apply in most of the CDSS. This clinical guideline has been presented with every statement of best practices regarding to a particular health condition. Other than providing recommendation from various practices, it can be taken as examples in medical education.Type of Clinical Decision Support SystemKnowledge-based Clinical Decision Support System (Expert System)Knowledge-based expert systems are created by having experts use the biomedical literature to identify relationships amid independent variables (such as signs and symptoms) and dependent variables (such as likely underlying diseases).It contains related arranged such as local hospital information, patient data and other compiled data and apply it with IF-ELSE-THEN predefined rules to guide through the whole progress of decision making. However, rules may also be acquired from various fictitious characters of decision trees.These rules-based CDSS is the most usually raise among all the clinical application. It will alert user when there is a possible drug doses or allergies which may harm or risk patient life by based on patient details such as age, sex, weight, height and etc.Example if the system rules used to determine drug interactio n, the formula will started to run and to detect every possible risky drug interaction, the rules big businessman be IF drug A is taken AND drug B is taken THEN alert user. By going through these predefined rules, provided information must be always up-to-dated to prevent any wrong output which might lead to misdiagnosis.To construct a rule-based system for medical decision support, an expert with domain knowledge always must be recruited to create and handle the knowledge base and train the system. To train an expert system is very time-consuming and it the result that produced is only usable in a narrow scope project. Therefore, a rule-based CDSS is not commonly used to deliver the critical message to clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006)Non Knowledge-Based Clinical Decision Support SystemNon Knowledge Based CDSS does not apply any data from knowledge base but they used another kind of artificial intelligent called Machine Learning. From the term of Ma chine Learning, it means a machine will learn from the past experience and previous lesson that given by experts. This kind of idea has implemented in this type of CDSS. Computer will learn everything in previous medical progress and find pattern in clinical data.Non Knowledge based CDSS is trained from the relationship between symptoms and signs (also called independent variables) and diseases (also called dependent variables). Machine Learning is using case-based to proceed every lesson because the system is being trained from previous cases.There are 2 type of non knowledge based systems are artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. It contains some mathematical fashion models that can observe and emulate the properties of an item and some kind of adaptively learns the fictive properties of the item. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006). Artificial neural networks type of CDSS can analyze the attributes or patterns from patient data to derive the ass ociations between the symptoms and a diagnosis. (Wikipedia, 2010). It can perform supervised or unsupervised machine education depending on the way of providing the available information.Genetic Algorithm is based on a several processes of peeping and simplifying and use the directed selection achieve optimal CDSS result. The algorithm will firstborn determine properties of sets of resolving powers to a problem. Every ascendant that generated will be recombined, mutated and reiterate the process again. The rotation of finding solution will not stop until a proper solution is found. The knowledge used in finding solution is derived from patient data. It usually focus on those disease that caused by narrow list of symptoms. (Wikipedia, 2010)Architecture of Clinical Decision Support System3.1. Basic innovation of Decision Support System ArchitectureSince Clinical decision support system is a kind of decision support system that is design to assist clinician in decision making ta sks. The architecture design of decision support system always consists of two major sub-systems which is human decision maker and computer systems. Construct a decision support system with only computer hardware and software program is not a correct concept because there might be some un twistd or semi structured decision (those decisions cannot be decide through a collection of mathematical model or formula) is not able to be programmed by system because its precisely nature thinking from a human and it is elusive and complex. There is no such independent component in a decision support system. It always needs a human decision maker as another component of decision support system to integrate with computer systems. The function of human decision maker is not to build a database for decision support system. alternatively of build a database, it functions as a decision maker that provides judgment, partake in their experience and exercises intuition throughout the entire process of decision making.The very first step of decision making is begin with the creation of a decision support model (decision support model is the formula or the way that helps user to filter or decide the specific result) by using some integrated DSS program such as Microsoft Excel. System will interact with database through Database Management Systems (DBMS) and deal the data from database with the decision support model through Model-Based Management System (MBMS). DBMS is an application that used to create, manage as well as control the access to the database. MBMS is an application that embedded within a DSS program that allow user to create, edit and delete the decision support model. By going through DBMS and MBMS, model is able to associate with the data from database to make a specific decision.DSS draw.pngFigure 1.0 Decision Support System diagramThe diagram above shows DBMS and MBMS is integrated with the DSS to communicate with the models and database to provide result to us ers.3.2. Four-Phase Model of Clinical Decision Support ArchitectureFour-Phase Model of clinical decision support architecture is referring to 4 type of architecture that has been used in clinical decision support system development. These architectures also representing the evolutionary of clinical decision support system. This 4 type of architecture is standalone decision support system (1959), integrated system (1967), standards-based system (1989), service models (2005). The phases is happen sequentially, every phase is learned and influenced from previous phases.Standalone Decision Support SystemThe first phase is Standalone decision support system which happened in year 1959. They were systems that operate developly from clinical system. The clinician got to by design seek the system out and enter information of his medical cases and then wait for the system to interpret the result. This kind of system is easy to develop because user that comes with medical knowledge and com puter skills can make one of it. It is easy to share as well because the system is easy to develop, it can be categorized as a simple system, user can just make a copy of the program and then mail to another who wishes to use the system. There are limitations such as they required user to enter all the information needed by the system to make it inference. Another disadvantage is user got to seek out how the system works and flow. User that is lack of medical knowledge might have problem in system usage and might causes a lot of medical error. Thus, they cannot be proactive. It also very time consuming, it may takes half to an hour to enter a case because the models feature is very narrow and it required a lot of information to generate an output. corporate SystemDue to the significant problems from standalone CDSS, developers begun to involve the architecture into another which is integrated system. The invented of Integrated system have solved a lot of problems. First of them is t ermination of multiple user input. The information is stored electronically after the first input by the user. Another significant solution is system can be proactive. They can alert user when it detect dangerous between drugs interaction or the dosing error automatically. The major disadvantage of integrated system is difficult to share. This system is very complex because it directly built with large clinical system. Therefore, it cant directly share to others who are not using the same clinical system. Unlike standalone system which built only based on self knowledge and computer skills. It can be send to anyone who wanted to use it. Another major problem is knowledge management problem. When there is an update for knowledge or clinical guideline, it perchance needs to find the source code to know where is guideline used.Standard-Based SystemIn order to make content sharable, several research and effort had been undertaken to standardise clinical decision support content. The s tandardization of content has overcome many disadvantage of integrated system. It shares the clinical decision support content by separate the code that describing the content from source code. However, it still has some limitations. First, there is way too much standard format to choose. There are over hundred of standard to represent a simple notification. Standardized encoded may constrain a users standard. The standard that user intended to write has the difficulty to compatible with the convertible standard.Service ModelsService Models, the most recent CDSS architecture. It recombined clinical information system and clinical decision support system components by using a standard application programming interface (API). This models standardizing both clinical decision support system and clinical system into one interface. Both systems will only heart at only one clinical system and one CDSS at a time although the knowledge about patient and medicine are across many places.Cli nical Decision Supports Algorithm4.1 Artificial Neural NetworkArtificial Neural Network is a method that used by non knowledge-based CDSS. It required training from experts in a form of artificial intelligence. It will base on the past experiences or recognized examples to create a set of solution to a medical problem. They possess the Human-Brain-Like behavior instead of Computer-Like. Due to the capability of knowing the behavior of problem through its experiences, they are commonly used in recognition problems. From the result, this methodology is very well in determining narrow and well-defined clinical problem.Three general type of algorithm used by machine learning which is unsupervised, reinforcement and supervised.Unsupervised LearningUnsupervised learning means the computer identify some natural grouping within a database by based on how similar the items are and what makes a Good group without being provided examples of feature values of items. Therefore, the way of machin e learning also called clustering. Unfortunately, unsupervised learning is not being used in many studies of various type of diagnosis.Reinforcement LearningIn reinforcement learning, it is not provided any samples of feature values of items. Instead of giving the samples, it is given a specific main point or feedbacks which are able to determine whether the system is on the right track.Supervised LearningIn supervised learning, the computer is given the samples of feature value of items. The reason of doing supervised learning is to develop a classifier that can predicts all the chess opening from given predetermined classes or samples based on a set of attributes and features to describe the items.4.2 Bayesian NetworkBayesian Network shows a set of variables and dependencies of conditional among the variables via Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Each node in the graph represents a variable and particular node will assort to its neighbor to show the dependencies among the correspond ing variables. This algorithm provides a simple understanding and definition between any two nodes. It helps predict and compute every possibility event might occur in a specific condition. In the stand of medical view, it can compute every possibility diseases by based on the symptoms given. For example, fever, cough, sore throat and chilling might lead to symptoms of Dengue disease.There are two important component consists in this algorithm which are structure and a set of parameters. Structure of the Bayesian Network is constructed from DAG. Every node in DAG may be given value by the parent node. Parameters are describing the relationship and the probabilities of a node to its parent. These components can support Bayesian Network computation by using the chain rule. Therefore, parameter and structure learning must be carrying out to fully represent probability distribution. Parameter learning is to specify each node in DAG is slightly distributed based on varies conditional. S tructure learning is to identify the way of distribution throughout the whole network by based on the local data.When learning Bayesian Network, the amount of training data is very important and it directly affected the correctness of the network. Therefore, training data must be provided enough through employment of experts to provide various form of knowledge to improve the accuracy of the models. The experts might provide some knowledge that specifying a condition among the variables in Bayesian Network.Bayesian Network Example.pngFigure 2.0 Example of Bayesian NetworkThe example shows that fever and chilling by chance the symptoms of Dengue Disease. In another way, chilling maybe the side effect of fever.4.3 Logical Condition

the boy :: essays research papers

You all tested your best, Coach Stevenson said to the chemical group of boys. I was sitting in the back not even listening to him. I was stare at the thick stack of envelopes in his hand. Do not open the envelope until you get in your carFinally he passed them back.Gobel, Giles, Hepp, Hegg, Hicks. I snatched it bulge of his hand. I could feel that it was still warm. I started to walk towards the door, beldame seemed like a mile away. I could barley walk the anticipation was so bad. I rounded the corner thinking how hard I had tried in practice. Then I turned another corner thinking how bad I wanted that place on the team.I was just more or less to the skills for living room when my hand acted without asking my brain first. I thrust my finger into the envelope, throw the paper like a six year-old boy on Christmas mourning. You could hear the paper tare apart. Still walking like a mad gentleman I wiped out the envelope, it read.Cha-ching, the sound effects played in my head. Co ngratulations From the first word on I knew the results. I made the team.I walked out the door and saw my mom sitting in her car. She had that look on her face. She did not want to have to tell me, its ok maybe succeeding(a) year. She didnt have to. I smiled wider than my ears. My mom knew what the paper said before I got in the car.I pulled out the sheet and looked at the schedule. Practice 5 days a week Maybe I wouldnt have been so bad to be cut.You all tried your best, Coach Stevenson said to the group of boys. I was sitting in the back not even listening to him. I was staring at the thick stack of envelopes in his hand. Do not open the envelope until you get in your carFinally he passed them back.Gobel, Giles, Hepp, Hegg, Hicks. I snatched it out of his hand. I could feel that it was still warm. I started to walk towards the door, witch seemed like a mile away. I could barley walk the anticipation was so bad. I rounded the corner thinking how hard I had tried in practice. Then I turned another corner thinking how bad I wanted that place on the team.I was just about to the skills for living room when my hand acted without asking my brain first.

E-Retailing: Selling Products on the Web :: Expository Essays Research Papers

E-Retailing Selling Products on the Web Retail is one of the more visible market sectors on the Web. In retail, merchants swap products and services directly to a buyer. E-retail, also called e-tail, occurs when retailers use the Web to sell their products and services (Sanchez 16). E-retailers constantly challenge the old ways of conducting business as they work out new products and services to market. All e-retailers, however, operate in a similar manner. A customer (consumer) visits an online business at the Web equivalent of a salesroom the electronic storefront. An electronic storefront, also called an online catalog is the Web site where an e-retailer displays its products. 11 It contains descriptions, graphics, and sometimes product reviews. After browsing through the merchandise, the customer makes a selection. This activates a twinkling area of the store known as the shopping cart. The shopping cart is a software component on the Web that allows the cu stomer to collect purchases. Items in the cart can be added, deleted, or even saved for a future visit. When ready to complete the sale, the customer proceeds to the checkout. At this time, the customer enters individual(prenominal) and financial data through a secure Internet connection. Then, the e-retailer processes the order and sends it to the fulfillment center where it is packaged and shipped. The e-retailer notifies the bank of the shipment and payment is sent via electronic channels to the e-retailer. Inventory systems are updated. Shipping information is posted on the Web, so the customer can track the order. The customer typically receives the order a few days after the purchase. (Microsoft Word 2002 Project). E-retailing presents a new way to shop. The store is open 24 hours a day. With a few clicks of the mouse, consumers can analyze prices easily. The key rule for purchasing online is the same as for traditional purchases. That is, the best consumer is the best-informed consumer.