College Preparatory High School - 1476 Words

Northside College Preparatory High School (Chicago, IL) With a unique focus on physics, technology and constitutional law, Northside College Preparatory High School is far from your average magnet school. All of its classes are available at both Honors and Advanced Placement level and more than 95% of students go on to graduate. This is quite a feat when you consider that roughly 38% of the student body happens to be economically disadvantaged. Entry into the school is competitive, with factors such as grades and entrance exam scores coming under consideration. Northside offers plenty of after school activities as well, including sports and student clubs. Sports teams include soccer, chess, tennis and lacrosse, while available clubs include a number of ethnic dance clubs, a yoga club and an aquarium club. Gwinnett School of Mathematics, Science and Technology (Lawrenceville, GA) The Gwinnet School of Mathematics, Science and Technology is one of the top charter schools in its state with a stellar 99% graduation rate and more than 95% proficiency in both English and mathematics. What makes this even more remarkable is the fact that 36% of the student body is economically disadvantaged. Classes are taught at Advanced Placement level. Some of their offerings include Chemistry, Physics, Engineering and Language Arts. There are also a wide variety of student clubs to choose from, including architecture, debate, robotics and Science Olympiad. With the help of technology giantShow MoreRelatedHigh School and Four-year College1282 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe the quality of your high schools educational resources (such as teachers, counselors, assistance with course selection and college admission planning, books, facilities, size and location)? Faculty often discouraged students to have curriculum that they deem to competitive. Red Bluff High is the only local public school in the area. The teacher to student ratio is about a 30 students to one teacher. Too many of the students are dropping out well before high school graduation. As studentsRead MoreMy First Week Of High School Essays525 Words   |  3 PagesFirst week of high school Fun, scaring, exciting are the feelings of my first week of school. This is a brand new experience of my life having to leave my friends and teachers in middle school behind. New school, new friends and new teachers are all part of this new school year. This one is different though, it’s the first week of high school. Most freshmen like me that enter the school are scared. I think the first week of the school is the easiest since there would not be a lot ofRead MoreInstruction And Positive Character Education : Aurum Preparatory Academy Charter School982 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, Aurum Preparatory Academy Charter School educates all of its students, grades 6 – 8, to succeed in college and life and to serve as the next generation of moral leaders. All students deserve a quality education regardless of race, gender, socio-economic status, or zip code. At Aurum Preparatory Academy Charter School (â€Å"Aurum Prep†), each of our students will receive a quality education that will prepare them for success in college and career. We know from numerous examples of high achievingRead MoreEssay Post-Secondary Education and College in the Schools Options1856 Words   |  8 Pagesoffered by Minnesota high schools is a post-secondary enrollment option. 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In conflict theory education is defined as a tool used by the wealthy to maintain the separation of social classes. In a school administrators control teachers, teachers control students, and students control other students. This order, in a sense, helps students understand the order of capitalism. Just as an employer has to adhere to the manager, students have to adhere toRead MoreChapter 10 : The Massachusetts Experience873 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance of school, failures rates in some areas and for some children, are some of the most salient features that impress the business leaders in the late 1980s (Blankstein Noguera, 2015). The program of these business leaders, called â⠂¬Å"Every Child a Winner!† â€Å"reshaped the Commonwealth’s public education system with a combination of standards and accountability measures, systems improvements ranging from new executive authority for superintendents to the establishment of charter schools, and a financeRead MoreSaint Martin De Porres High School1392 Words   |  6 Pagesde Porres High School in Cleveland, Ohio is a co-ed catholic college preparatory institution on a mission to provide a quality education and invaluable work experience to inner city youth. The vision Saint Martin de Porres High School has for each student is to attend a college or university. Thus far their goal has been achieved; however the school does not guarantee your student a baccalaureate degree. Saint Martin students usually fall under the category of first-generation college students.

The Effects Of Advertising On Young People - 1622 Words

In 2006, the average young person could see up to three thousand advertisements every day via television, the Internet, billboards, and magazines (â€Å"Children,† ). As society grows to be more digital, the number of advertisements seen has only increased. With the advertising business expanding to new platforms such as social media, advertisers have found more ways to manipulate the minds of Americans to want to buy the merchandise they are selling. In this quickly growing business, advertisers know the influence they have on the general population, and they usually target those who will be the most influenced. Typically, the younger ages tend to be easily influenced by the advertisements they see. Young people have a desire to be like everyone else; they see advertisements with people around their age and think everyone else has it so they get it as well. Since minors are most easily influenced, advertisers follow the most popular platforms among young people, such as the I nternet, and persuade them to buy products. This means that advertisements are essentially everywhere. Advertising has become so widespread and subtle that young people barely notice companies’ strategies and the impact on today’s youth. One of the main purposes of magazines is to advertise. If one were to open any popular magazine, especially teen magazines, to a random page, at least one of the pages would most likely be an advertisement. Sometimes those advertisements even fill both pages. The majorityShow MoreRelatedEssay about In what ways does advertising effect young people?650 Words   |  3 Pagessee advertising everywhere around us, in the streets, television, magazine and radio. Currently most companies are finding different ways to sell their products. Advertising expert try to appeal to young peoples needs and feeling making their product attractive and desirable. As a result this affects young people to drink alcohol and eat junk food. This essay will explain that advertising increases young peoples obesity and encourages them to drink alcohol. Advertising affect young peoples obesityRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Advertising1655 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People.1447 Words   |  6 PagesHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except thisRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Advertising On Adolescents1494 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol advertising is abundant globally. It is vital that adolescents are to be raised in a positive and healthy setting. Particular consumer segments are considered to be more subtle towards the negative impact of advertising (Morgan, Schuler and Stoltman, 1995). Due to the new social networking technologies exist today and the various way of advertising, it is not surprising that adolescents are exposed to alcohol advertising as direct promotions are easy and voluminous. A large number of researchRead MoreEssay on Effects of Alcohol Advertisements on Youth1149 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, I must admit, it made my brain do some serious thinking. Could alcohol advertisements have a negative effect on youth? Could alcohol advertisements urge young men and women to try their hand at drinking? Could alcohol advertisements indirectly be the cause of most traffic accidents that take place under the influence of alcohol? There are infinite questions.....but very few people to provide satisfactory answers. Alcohol is one of the leading drug problems among youth. Drinking results inRead MoreNegative Influence of Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesNegative influence of advertising on society Advertising by definition is a paid form of  communication  intended to  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. We are taken  into what the advertisers exactly want us to do - buy their products. Advertisements in themselves are not bad. They do perform an important  role in the society and that is the promotion of products and services  so that people will become aware of themRead MoreHow does advertisement influence peoples behaviour?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesis everywhere. In every abundance walk of life, there are huge competitions. As a result, advertisement has become more important. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer toRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On A Good And A Bad Way Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagespublicity, advertising and sales promotion. Advertising is one of the most popular methods of product promotion. It is a non-personal communication to current and prospective customers to inform, persuade or convince them to purchase a product. â€Å"It has been favoured by most producers due to its low cost per contact and its ability to influence customers and increase market share† (Marks and Kamins 267). Many organisations have benefited to a great extent in building a brand using advertising. CriticsRead MoreBan Tobacco Ban On Tobacco859 Words   |  4 Pagestobacco. The World Health Organization estimated â€Å"over 3 million people died from toba cco related deaths in 1990,† (Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government in India; http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/ban-tobacco-ads11.htm ). It is the government’s duty to protect the health and welfare of its citizens by banning advertising harmful products that are designed to appeal to the masses. Children have been primed at a young age to identify cartoonish tobacco related characters, such as

Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(162) " typically present chiefly with a relentless esthesis of gesture after several yearss removal from a gesture that would normally arouse gesture illness \( 4 \) \." The intent of this paper is to find a sensible attack to pull offing gesture illness in Canadian Naval forces. Management of gesture illness in a naval environment is really of import. The coming of new engineering, assorted gender, multicultural, and smaller crew sizes mean that the effects of gesture illness on the crew straight affects the mission capableness of a modern war vessel. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The pathophysiology of mal de mer and gesture illness in general remains ill understood. In general, gesture illness is thought to be a miscommunication and nervous mismatch syndrome. This account does non to the full explicate why weariness occurs in concurrence with gesture illness or why gesture illness is so variable in different individuals under the same conditions. Seasickness can be efficaciously managed utilizing combinations of workspace alteration, non-prescription drugs, prescription drugs, and addiction. There is no 1 combination that is universally effectual nevertheless there is a demand for the practician to hold a good thought of when to modify a intervention mode for a peculiar sea province or patients demands. Introduction Modern ships and smaller crews have a high impact when the crew is unable to execute basic and complex maps when they become helpless due to gesture illness. Anyone who has of all time treated a patient who is actively or inveterate airsick can sympathize with the patient feeling that they would wish to decease so the mal de mer would travel off. In the Canadian Navy a patient needs to show a history of chronic mal de mer in order to be moved to a new trade and considered to be for good unfit for naval service. This frequently is non done until the member has been to the full trained and can take two to three old ages of sailing to happen ensuing in a great trade of wretchedness for the patient and a big investing in clip, preparation, and money on the portion of the Canadian Forces. The intent of this paper is to reexamine the pathophysiology of gesture illness and depict an grounds based attack to the direction of mal de mer utilizing both pharmacological and non pharmacologically based interventions presently available to CF Health Services Personnel. It will besides briefly explore ergonomic alterations to alleviate the symptoms of Motion Sickness. With the coming of modern ship design, crew composing has evolved to hold fewer and really extremely specialised forces responsible for runing the combat platform of today. For illustration, during World War II the crew of a Frigate had 141 forces ( 1 ) who were responsible for the safe operation of the ship. The WWII frigate had half the supplanting and far less than half the capableness and engineering of a modern war vessel of a similar category. The crews were all male and chiefly Caucasian. In 2010 a Canadian Patrol Frigate with a supplanting of 5235 dozenss has a minimal crew of 180 with 45 transeunt forces for a sum of 225 who are responsible for the care and operation of the war vessel ( 2 ) . Motion illness can impact anyplace from 1 % to 100 % of a crew depending on conditions and the status of the H2O surface they travel on. The much smaller crew who are critical to the direction of combat, ego defence, and life support systems become helpless and the whole system of a combat platform is affected. ( Find impact of mal de mer on contending effectivity in article ) The bulk of the literature discusses the direction of gesture illness in the context of short exposures such as sail ship travel, air travel, and infinite travel. Pathophysiology of gesture illness Argwal et Al ( 2003 ) . , late reiterated that gesture illness still remains ailing understood but is still by and large thought to be caused by nervous input mismatch ( 3 ) . It is besides the place of this writer that some of the symptoms of gesture illness can non be explained to the full by this place. For illustration why does gesture illness consequence in sickness and emesis and non some other symptoms alternatively? This account besides fails to explicate specifically why gesture illness causes sleepiness. Besides it fails to explicate the variableness between different topics susceptibleness to gesture illness under similar fortunes. Definition of mal de mer Seasickness is normally described as a feeling of sickness, tummy consciousness, and unwell while on or in H2O both fresh and salt H2O. This type of gesture illness is considered to be a normal response to the perceptual experience of gesture whether the gesture is existent or non. For illustration, a individual can go ill on the span of a ship in unsmooth sea or while utilizing a stationary simulator with traveling images on a picture screen even though their organic structure and the platform they are standing on is non traveling. Mal de debarquement Syndrome Mal de debarquement Syndrome ( MdDS ) is deserving brief treatment in this paper as it is a status that affects people who have been exposed to gesture illness arousing stimulations yet they still have gesture illness symptoms after remotion of the stimulation. It has deductions in the context of a naval environment as it seems to commonly affect in-between age people ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and can be rather enfeebling. CF Health Services Staff may be presented with patients showing with MdDS given our aging recruit population, and troubles bring forthing staff for ships ensuing in the usage of more shore based â€Å" replacement staff † particularly in the back uping trade functions. Some of the older members of the crew of a modern ship may be at hazard for MdDS. The symptoms of MdDS that concern clinicians chiefly are non the transient symptoms that are common for the first few yearss on land after a long sail as described by YH Cha et Al ( 4 ) and Gordon et Al ( 6 ) . Patients with MdDS typically present chiefly with a relentless esthesis of gesture after several yearss removal from a gesture that would normally arouse gesture illness ( 4 ) . You read "Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Other symptoms may include concerns and sensitiveness to ocular gesture. The symptoms can last from a few hebdomads to many old ages. Fact-finding testing and rating do non uncover any physical causative factor to explicate the symptoms of the patient ( 4 ) . Death from mal de mer? – one history of decease from mal de mer in oil rig catastrophe Questions to be posed: What are the physiological effects of purging and mal de mer? What are the effects of moderate mal de mer on operators of complicated machinery? What is the most effectual manner to handle gesture illness on a naval ship? Divers in a hyperbaric chamber at sea. Aircrew at sea. Aircrew? Divers? Ships Crew? Describe the differences between Sea and air and gesture illness. Cruise ship stabilisation methods, ship design, human factors. Mythbusters section on gesture illness. Treatments Drug Treatments presently in usage in the CF ( 7 ) The CF Formulary contains the fol drugs that are indicated in the direction of Motion illness. Gravol Many readyings avail Common prescription for direction of mal de mer Bonamine Meclazine HCL is used. Its monograph provinces in indicants for the usage in the intervention of XXXXX. It was found anecdotally by the writer that it is frequently used and prescribed falsely as one tablet twice daily instead than the sanctioned one to two tablets one time daily in the monograph in some surveies it was besides prescribed as XXXX. Reappraisal of the Literature A reappraisal of the literature was done to reply some basic inquiries that would be valuable to explicating an attack to pull offing mal de mer in a naval environment. Can you decease from mal de mer? one decease has been Does degree of physical fittingness have an impact on gesture illness? Curiously, topics with high degrees of aerophilic fitness study less symptoms of gesture illness but have higher rates of patterned advance to purging than topics with lower aerophilic fittingness degrees ( 8 ) . Cheung et Al. ( 9 ) looked at why and concluded that tolerance to vestibular gesture decreases as aerophilic fittingness additions. Does ethnicity or gender have an consequence on gesture illness? It is by and large thought that ethnicity and gender may hold an impact on an person ‘s gesture illness sensitiveness. Klosterhalfen et al. , studied the consequence of ethnicity and gender on gesture illness susceptibleness ( 10 ) . Specifically they looked at whether gender and cultural ethnicity are interacting. 227 Caucasic and 82 topics of Chinese beginning, both male and female were exposed to nausea bring oning organic structure rotary motions in a rotary motion chair. They experienced five exposures of 1 min each with 1 min breaks between exposures. They were instructed to shut their eyes and travel their caputs up and down every 6 seconds by an audiotape. Campaigners could discontinue at any clip and the entire rotary motion clip was noted. Prior to rotary motion, topics were instructed to make full out a Gesture Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire ( MSSQ ) . Individual symptom evaluations were performed at the beginning and terminal of exposure and 15 and 30 min subsequently. The consequences of the survey indicated that the mean rotary motion clip was higher in Caucasic than in Chinese t opics. It besides indicated that the rotary motion clip could be predicted from the MSSQ information. The decision of the survey is that gesture illness susceptibleness is affected by both cultural beginning and by gender in a complex manner. The most dependable anticipation of rotary motion could be based on the person ‘s history as assessed by the MSSQ. JE Bos et Al ( 11 ) . observed in the literature that females were 1.4 to 1.7 times more susceptible sea illness and found similar rates in the other manners of transit. They found merely 3 studies contradictory of the consequences of the surveies reviewed. After a reappraisal of the ferry and sail ship informations in their survey they concluded that gender has an impact on a individuals susceptibleness to seasickness. Talk about the Singapore navy test What is the impact of ship design on gesture illness? Dobie ( 12 ) looked at the design of ships and how worlds interact with their sophisticated systems. Whole organic structure quiver, gesture induced weariness and noise all affect the organic structure and lessening effectivity in a complex machine. He concluded that the human component must be considered in the design of ships at an early phase in the procedure. The vas should be considered to be a person-machine that operates as a system and effectual design make an effectual system. Can desensitization minimise effects of gesture illness? What drugs could be used to minimise the effects of mal de mer? There have been many surveies of the medicines that could be used to pull off gestures sickness. This paper will look at the 1s that are available in Canada. Of note one of the more studied[ 1 ]( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) is dextroamphetamine ( used for terrible symptoms ) and it is non indicated for usage in the direction of gesture illness but shows a batch of promise for terrible symptoms. one field survey on the effectivity of anti-motion illness drugs ( 16 ) found that hyoscine, Antivert, Dramamine, and accupressure in order of effectivity helped riders on a sail from Argentina to the Antarctic Peninsula. Again the exposure was merely 3 yearss but the conditions was terrible ( gale force air currents with 9m crestless waves ) . What medicines are available to battle gesture illness in the CF pharmacopeia? Dimenhydrinate Meclizine Scopalamine Dextroamphetamine Use of scopalamine Schupak et al. , studied the long term effects of transdermic hyoscine ( Transderm-V ) to measure its long term effectivity in the bar of mal de mer ( 17 ) . 68 healthy male crew members age 18 to 20 were given a scopolamine spot eight hours before each seafaring. Two spots were applied per hebdomad with an interval of 24 hours before application of a new spot every 72 hours. Checkups were made every three months over a period of three old ages. The mean seasickness badness ( on a graduated table of 0 to 7 ) after six months at sea prior to the spot was 5.64, as compared to 3.14 station application. Significant betterment was besides found in ego evaluated public presentation at sea while utilizing the spot. Contact dermatitis prevented the usage of transdermic hyoscine in 3 ( 4.4 % ) subjects. The lone other important side consequence was waterlessness of the mucose membranes. The entire figure of yearss the topics had been have oning the spot is non mentioned. The writers concluded that transdermic hyoscine was effectual in the bar of mal de mer and betterment of public presentation at sea during three old ages of followup, everyday application is non complicated either by terrible side effects by public presentation perturbations. How long can you utilize the spot? cite Israeli defense force Singapore navy tests at sea for scop. Use of ondansetron Herskovitz et al. , studied ondansetron for the bar of mal de mer in susceptible crewmans ( 18 ) . 16 voluntaries with normal physical test findings and no old history of interior ear disease or dizziness took portion in a double-blind randomized crossing over survey. The participants practiced computerize public presentation trials until the consequences were stabilized. Ondansetron 8 milligram or placebo was administered two hours before sailing aboard a 500 ton naval vas in mild sea conditions. Participants did public presentation testing and completed a questionnaire measuring their illness symptoms four hours into the ocean trip. The consequence was that there was no statistically important decrease of mal de mer symptoms between the drug intervention and placebo. The decision of this survey is that ondansetron was non found to be good in the intervention of mal de mer. Non medicative interventions Acupressure and acustimulation Miller and Muth examined the efficaciousness of G-Jo and acustimulation for the bar of gesture illness ( 19 ) . Their survey used the Accubanda„? and ReliefBanda„? G-Jo and acustimulation device to excite the Neiguan ( P6 ) stylostixis point. Their topics were assigned to one of five groups: Accubanda„? trained or untrained ; ReliefBanda„? trained or untrained ; or placebo. Subjects were exposed to 20 min baseline period and 20 min of optokinetic membranophone rotary motion. The untrained topics read the device waies used as they felt appropriate so completed a serviceability analysis after membranophone exposure. Trained topics read the device waies and so were trained to utilize device and so had their exposures. The topic symptoms and stomachic myoelectric activity were monitored during the baseline and membranophone rotary motion periods. There were 77 topics, 19 work forces and 61 adult females, runing from the 18 to 27 old ages of age. In this survey the symptoms of gesture illness and stomachic myoelectric activity increased in all groups taking the research workers to reason that the lone existent difference between conditions was a hold in oncoming of symptoms for ReliefBanda„? compared to Accubanda„? . This survey demonstrated that no G-Jo, acustimulation, or placebo intervention eliminated the symptoms of gesture illness. The ReliefBanda„? while potentially detaining the symptoms would merely be good for short periods of clip if at all. This research was conducted in the lab and non a shipboard environment over an drawn-out period of clip. Bertolucci et Al. conducted in oceangoing survey with a little group of nine voluntaries off the seashore of San Francisco Bay ( 20 ) . Their decision was that gesture illness symptoms were suppressed by the usage of an acustimulation device. His group size was little and needs to be demonstrated with the larger group. Ginger Ergonomic alterations Positioning of watchkeeping Stationss Chair make-up Artificial skylines INTRAVENOUS Therapy Discussion Colwell ( 21 ) identified five â€Å" human factors technology rules † in the direction of gesture illness: â€Å" 1. Locate critical Stationss near the ship ‘s effectual centre of rotary motion ; 2. Minimize caput motions ; 3. Align operators with a rule axis of the ship ‘s hull ; 4. Avoid uniting provocative beginnings ; and 5. Supply and external frame of mention. † Head motion in concurrence with gesture contributes to gesticulate sickness esthesis as can be demonstrated by the surveies performed by Miller ( 19 ) , Cheung et Al ( 22 ) , and others. If this is the instance so more often used proctors and input devices should be placed in forepart of watchkeepers so that vigorous caput motions need non be employed to keep effectual watchkeeping. Besides by adding a high backed chair with a head restraint you have the extra input of the skin centripetal contact of the dorsum of the chair and caput to assist antagonize the nervous input mismatch. If nervous input mismatch contributes significantly to gesture illness symptomology ( 3 ) ( 2 ) it seems that it would be sensible to add stimulations that would assist screen out the â€Å" mismatch † . For illustration, on modern war vessels everything is tied, bolted down, or otherwise secured so that it does non travel. This is to forestall harm or hurt from motion at an inopportune clip such as an detonation or utmost maneuvering. This besides leads to no ocular stimulation of motion for the crew thereby increasing input mismatch. Addition of unreal skylines within the field of vision of the crew has the possible to minimise this consequence. These could be a simple as a twine with a weight on it or a balance beam ( unreal skyline ) with subdued illuming on it. This is an country that could be studied in more deepness The literature on the usage of ginger for gesture illness is mixedas to it ‘s efficaciousness for sickness and â€Å" tummy consciousness † . There does non look to be a good survey that would compare the effectivity of ginger on the type of terrible, long term exposure to gesture that would formalize ginger as an effectual gesture illness counterpoison for naval personel. It would be interesting to set together a proper test in a realistic environment and set this issue to rest for naval forces. Decision Seasickness and related gesture provoked unwellness are a complicated issue that requires effectual direction in the face of assorted gender, multi-ethnic, little crew sizes on modern Canadian war vessels. Seasickness has been looked at extensively in the context of comparatively short exposures both on land in the lab environment, and at sea. More work remains to be done on the fol: gather grounds of efficaciousness of medicines used to pull off MSickness in the field. gather grounds of efficaciousness of desensitisation as a direction tool in the field Expression at the efficaciousness of unreal skylines in work Stationss. Given the grounds presented in the literature, it is likely that the undermentioned protocol would be an effectual program to pull off a patient with mal de mer on a naval ship: a. patient nowadayss with known gesture illness history. 1 usage gravol xx milligram twenty hours prior to exposure. keep Mild moderate terrible Management of mal de mer demands to take into history the sea province, the length of the needed exposure to gesture, the badness of unwellness in the patient and the occupations they are required to execute as portion of their responsibilities at sea. Pharmaceutical direction of mal de mer demands to include the disposal of an appropriate anti emetic good in progress of exposure when possible, so that the drug is absorbed before the subsequent emesis prevents equal soaking up of medicine to forestall the more terrible symptoms of mal de mer. Figure 1 lists the medicines available to practicians in the CF. Combination of medicine is indicated when one medicine entirely fails to command symptoms adequately. The hyoscine readyings are the â€Å" standard † by which most anti gesture illness medicines are evaluated against. Most surveies involved in measuring medicines for forestalling seasickness include a scopolamine readying of some kind. Scopolamine spots used by the Canadian Forces need to be applied right and proper manus rinsing completed after application to forestall inadvertent contact with conjunctiva and the end point blurry vision and uncomfortableness to the patient. Scopolamine spots may be used efficaciously for long periods of clip ( 17 ) ( 23 ) but should be discontinued when possible to let the patient to use to gesture. When utilizing spots for long periods of clip it is sensible to wait 24hrs before using a new spot ( 17 ) and sites should be rotated between L and R mastoid procedure. More research is required to measure direction of gesture illness with respect to assorted gender, multi-ethnic crews, with long gesture exposures on naval ships. The bulk of information in the literature associating to female mal de mer is based on retrospective questionnaire based surveies of sail ship riders on reasonably short sails. It would be interesting and valuable to look at a survey of the impact of mal de mer on job/mission public presentation of the smaller Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel ( MCDV ) Fleets and the larger Patrol Frigates ( CPF ) and Destroyer Fleets on both seashores now that the crews of all these fleets are much more diverse than the last clip this was looked at by Colwell in 1989 ( 21 ) . How does Mal de debarquement syndrome tantrum into the gesture illness spectrum? Cha ( 4 ) , and Parker ( 5 ) took a retrospective expression at instances of MdD in an effort to quantify its natual history and clinical characteristics ( 4 ) and suggest a class of intervention to get down with ( 5 ) . Notes: Cha ( 4 ) – 64 patients in the survey – basically normal test and trials -boat travel the most common trigger ( 81 % of instances looked at ) -median age at first onslaught was 38yo and 75 % were female – Figure 1: Drugs available in CF H Svc Formulary ( 7 ) shown to be effecive in the direction of Motion Sickness. Drug Drug Identification Number ( DIN ) Time interval required prior to exposure Recommended dosage Dose frequence Notes Dose Dextroamphetamine[ 2 ] 5mg 00001924516 1-2 hour 5-10 milligram q 4-6 H Particular mandate required through CFDEC[ 3 ] 10mg 00001924559 15mg 00001924567 Dimenhydrinate 1-2 hour 50-100 milligram q 4-6 H Multiple readyings avail Meclizine 25mg 00220442 2 hour 25-50 milligram q 6-24h When current supply depleted will no longer be available/manufactured for Canada Promethazine 25mg/ml inj 00000575178 1.5 – 2 hour 25 milligram q 4-6 hour 25mg unwritten 00000575178 Scopolamine Patch 1.5mg ( 1 milligram delivered over three yearss ( 24 ) ) 8 hour One spot behind ear Change every 72 hour TransDerm V How to cite Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Intersex People in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a reflection about your anticipated Health Care Practice. Answer: Reflection Healthcare sector is providing quality services to the society. Discriminatory practices are creating an impact on the health of the different groups which sums up the society. This essay has discussed various barriers to health care access which are being faced by the Intersex people on the basis of Gender and Sexuality. Attitude, values, and beliefs of the healthcare professional create an impact on the healthcare practice with Intersex people. Various healthcare practices can be used for enhancing the quality of their health. The Australian government has formulated these practices for providing quality healthcare services to different groups which are getting affected due to discrimination. I am working as a healthcare professional and focusing on providing quality healthcare services to the society and meeting the standards set by the government of Australia. I have seen that discriminatory practices are taking place in the healthcare sector against the Intersex people in Australia. There are various reasons responsible for the poor health of Intersex people. These reasons are acting as barriers and affecting the health and well-being of the Intersex people adversely. I have analyzed various barriers which are affecting the health of the Intersex people (Kitts, 2010). Most important barriers which are adversely affecting the health and well-being of Intersex people are lack of sufficient knowledge of the treatment to Intersex people, fear in the mind of Intersex people which resist them for disclosing their real identity in front of others, rejection from the health care professionals for treating the Intersex people, attitude and behaviour of the healthcare practition ers towards Intersex people, lack of proper communication between the Intersex people and healthcare practitioners and discriminatory practices against the Intersex people (Quinn, et. al., 2015). One of the most important barriers is a lack of knowledge of the treatment which needs to be provided to Intersex people. During my tenure in the healthcare sector, I have analyzed that various healthcare professionals do not possess proper knowledge which is required for ensuring the good health to Intersex people in Australia. Another barrier is related to the negative attitude of healthcare professionals towards the Intersex people. Different individuals have a different attitude towards different people or group (Ross, et. al., 2010). Healthcare practitioners may deny treating Intersex people and they may act inattentive to Intersex people. This barrier resists in providing treatment to Intersex people. Intersex people suffer from rejection from the society which develops fear and anxiety in their mind. This fear develops different thoughts in their mind which deploys from getting treatment at the right time and increases health issues in Intersex people. Fear is developed in the mind of Intersex people due to which they hesitate in discussing their health issues with the healthcare practitioners (Quinn, et. al., 2014). Communication needs to be done between the healthcare professionals and Intersex people. Lack of proper communication affects the health as miscommunication can result in providing wrong treatment or partial treatment to the Intersex patients. The government of Australia is constantly working for ensuring the health of the Intersex people. Discriminatory practices are creating adverse impacts on the health and well-being of the Intersex people. Discrimination against the Intersex people develops fear and insecurity which acts as a barrier between the healthcare services and Intersex people (Mller, 2016). I have analyzed that attitude, values, and beliefs of the healthcare practitioners towards the service users play a vital role in ensuring their health and well-being. There is a need to ensure that healthcare practitioners are adopting a positive attitude towards the different groups of the society and follows same values in every case they deal with. Every individual adopts a different attitude towards the different groups of the society. I have adopted a positive attitude towards the Intersex people so as to make sure that proper healthcare services are provided to them. Negative attitude promotes discriminatory practices against the various groups of the society including Intersex people (OHTN, 2014). Every individual follows the values for performing the roles and responsibilities assigned to it in an effective manner. These values shape the attitude of the healthcare practitioners. Values which I have followed include equality, social justice, autonomy, dignity, honesty, discip line, and curiosity. All these values will ensure that positive attitude is adopted by the healthcare practitioners. Adopting these values ensures that the healthcare professionals are attentive to the healthcare needs of the intersex patients. All these values have helped me in adopting a positive attitude towards the Intersex patients. My positive attitude and values have contributed towards the attainment of the goals set. All these aspects have led me towards the right path and ensuring the quality health of the Intersex people (Berman, et. al., 2011). According to the data presented in the report of AIHW, steps need to be taken by the government for providing better services to the intersex people. Initiatives need to be taken for these patients including empowerment, consultation and full inclusion. LGBTI Ageing and Aged Care Strategy will help in promoting the equal access to the healthcare services to different groups (AIHW, 2017). Culturally safe health practices must be adopted for providing quality healthcare services to every group of the society. An individual who is providing health care services must be self-reflective and must focus on following cultural beliefs. Cultural safety education must be provided along with training sessions which provide knowledge and power to the patient belonging to Intersex group and healthcare practitioner. This knowledge and power plays a vital role as this knowledge and power ensure that quality services are being offered to the Patient belonging to Intersex group. A safe environment must be developed for ensuring that the environment is safe for different groups of the society (Kemppainen, et. al., 2012). The culturally safe environment promotes exchange of information in a better manner and ensures that proper treatment is provided to patients of Intersex group. Training must be provided to the patients by ensuring that no discriminatory practices are taking place in t he environment. As a healthcare practitioner, I will ensure that proper treatment is provided to every group in the healthcare setting in which Im working. I will develop understanding of the different rules and regulations formulated by the government of Australia for the health and wellbeing of the Intersex people. A welcoming environment will be created for patients belonging to Intersex group so that they are treated effectively. I will focus on developing open environment so that patient does not feel hesitant in communicating their health issues (Smith, 2010). For being a health service provider advocate for the patients of the Intersex group, I will ensure that values adopted are for every individual and no discriminatory practices are adopted in the healthcare setting. I will collaborate with the government departments for ensuring that proper training sessions are conducted for developing the knowledge of the healthcare professionals. I will take initiatives for developing skills and knowledge of the health issues faced by the patients belonging to Intersex group. I will make healthcare professionals aware of the issues faced by the patient of Intersex group (Brennan, et. al., 2012). The welcome environment will be the priority as this will enhance the trust of the patient from Intersex group towards the healthcare professionals and better communication will help in enhancing the health of the patients (Surreira, 2014). Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the quality of the health of certain groups of the society is getting affected. This essay has discussed the different barriers which have affected the quality of health of Intersex people. These barriers need to be removed for ensuring the health of Intersex people. Healthcare practitioners must adopt a positive attitude towards the Intersex group. Negative attitude of healthcare practitioners results in depleting health of this group. Culturally safe healthcare practices must be adopted by the healthcare professionals. These practices are being formulated by the government of Australia for promoting better health and eliminating discriminatory practices against certain groups References AIHW, 2017, Older Australians who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex, AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/ageing/older-australia-at-a-glance/diversity/lgbti/ Berman, P., Pallas, S., Smith, A. L., Curry, L. Bradleyb, E. H., 2011, Improving the Delivery of Health Services: A Guide to Choosing Strategies, Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/ImprovingDeliveryofHealthServicesFINAL.pdf Brennan, A. M. W., Barnsteiner, J., Siantz, M. L. Cotter, V. T., Everett, J., 2012, Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, or intersexed content for nursing curricula, Journal of Professional Nursing, 28 (2), 96-104. https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgendered-or-intersexed-content-for-nurs Kemppainen, V., Tossavainen, K. Turunen, H., 2012, Nurses' roles in health promotion practice: an integrative review, Health Promotion International. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3756/5f545109e5ca507840064980d30d0ef5cecc.pdf Kitts, R.L., 2010, Barriers to Optimal Care between Physicians and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Adolescent Patients, Journal of Homosexuality, Volume 57, Issue 6, pp. 730-747. Doi: 10.1080/00918369.2010.485872. Mller, A., 2016, Health for All? Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and the Implementation of the Right to Access to Health Care in South Africa, HHR Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395001/pdf/hhr-18-195.pdf OHTN, 2014, Facilitators and barriers to health care for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people, OHTN. https://www.ohtn.on.ca/Pages/Knowledge-Exchange/Rapid-Responses/Documents/RR79.pdf Quinn G.P., Schabath, M.B., Sanchez, J.A., Sutton S.K. Green B.L., 2015, The importance of disclosure: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, queer/questioning, and intersex individuals and the cancer continuum, Cancer, pp. 1160-1163. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4505934/pdf/nihms706607.pdf Quinn, G. P., Schabath, M. B., Sanchez, J. A. Sutton, S. K., 2014, The Importance of Disclosure: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/Transsexual, Queer/Questioning, and Intersex Individuals and the Cancer Continuum, Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269727040_The_Importance_of_Disclosure_Lesbian_Gay_Bisexual_TransgenderTranssexual_QueerQuestioning_and_Intersex_Individuals_and_the_Cancer_Continuum Ross, Paul D. S. Carr, Sarah, 2010, It shouldn't be down to luck: training for good practice with LGBT people - Social Care TV, Diversity in health and care, Volume 7, p. 211-216. https://diversityhealthcare.imedpub.com/it-shouldnt-be-down-to-luck-training-for-good-practice-with-lgbt-people--social-care-tv.php?aid=1978 Smith, P. S., 2010, Cultural Safety in Nursing Education: Increasing Care For Lgbt Individuals, Washington State University Spokane. https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/3442/P_Smith_011018665.pdf?sequence=1 Surreira, C., 2014, Culturally Competent LGBT Care, Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Capstone Projects, 34. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036context=nursing_dnp_capstone

Pablo Neruda’s United Fruit Company and Ode to the Americas Essay Example

Pablo Neruda’s United Fruit Company and Ode to the Americas Essay Pablo Neruda’s political poems are unlike his other poems because of his keen focus on social commitment and harsh realities of life. His language is simple and being a common man wrote for the common man. His work is greatly criticized because of his metaphorical references in his political poems unlike any other poems of his time. His political poem majorly intervenes the Neo-Imperialism in the US during the 19th century. He denigrates the corporation due to the greed experienced by Latin American people during that age. This essay focuses on the study of ‘United Fruit Company’ and ‘Ode to Americas’ political poems. Both the poems portray the major theme of economic and political greed in Latin America. This greed is impactful at a physical, mental and emotional scale. Pablo Neruda uses a metaphor to personify natural objects and objectify humans to illustrate physical and emotional state caused by greed. The ‘Ode of Americas’ divides itself into a tripartite structure where there is the past, present, and future. The opening stanza of the ode reveals the positive and tranquil past in Latin America. The speaker’s use of â€Å"pure Americas† shows Neruda’s strong feelings he has for his country. The word â€Å"intact† suggests that the imperialists had not scathed the country. The â€Å"ocean guarded† which kept it untouched. This is more or less a military metaphor. A dependency occurred between the people and nature is highlighted with the phrasesâ€Å"shapers of pitchers† and â€Å"workers of stone†. However â€Å"United Fruit Company†expresses at the start itself how greedy they were towards the Latin Americans. The phrase â€Å"Jehovah gave the world to Coca-Cola Inc., Anaconda, Ford Motors† metaphorically means God chose to give the earth to these corrupted corporations instead of the common native peopl e or maintaining equality. The people stand powerless and suffer due to We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Neruda’s United Fruit Company and Ode to the Americas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Neruda’s United Fruit Company and Ode to the Americas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Neruda’s United Fruit Company and Ode to the Americas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer God’s will. If nature is a creation of God

TAX TREATMENT OF SALARY -ITS NATURE AND SCOPE Essays - Tax

TAX TREATMENT OF SALARY -ITS NATURE AND SCOPE Essays - Tax TAX TREATMENT OF SALARY -ITS NATURE AND SCOPE SUBMITTED BY STUTI PRIYA OJHA BALLB, 7 TH SEMESTER ENROLL NO. - 0056150813 Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc467133005 \h 4 WHAT IS SALARY? PAGEREF _Toc467133006 \h 4 CONSTITUENTS OF SALARY PAGEREF _Toc467133007 \h 4 PROVISIONS UNDER INCOME TAX ACT 1961 REGARDING INCOME FROM SALARY PAGEREF _Toc467133008 \h 4 SECTION 15 - CHARGEABILITY PAGEREF _Toc467133009 \h 4 SECTION 16 - DEDUCTIONS PAGEREF _Toc467133010 \h 5 SECTION 17 - DEFINITIONS PAGEREF _Toc467133011 \h 5 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SALARY PAGEREF _Toc467133012 \h 5 MEANING OF SALARY AS GIVEN UNDER INCOME TAS ACT PAGEREF _Toc467133018 \h 7 Definition of Salary under Income tax Act PAGEREF _Toc467133019 \h 7 DEDUCTIONS FROM SALARY PAGEREF _Toc467133020 \h 15 CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc467133021 \h 16 INTRODUCTION Income tax is that percentage of a person's income that he/she pays to the government to fund infrastructural development and for other developmental schemes. All taxes are levied based on the passing of a law, and the law that governs the provisions for our income tax is the Income Tax Act, 1961. This income tax is to be paid by all individuals, Hindu Undivided family, firms and associations. The Income Tax Act provides detailed provisions on what constitutes an income. Income from different sources is taxed differently. These sources are called heads of income and are as follows: Income from Salaries Income from House Property Income from capital gains Profits or gains from business Income from other sources WHAT IS SALARY? Salary is a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee for services rendered. The origin of the word can be traced back to the Latin term salarium , originally denoting a Roman soldier's allowance to buy salt,( from sal salt'). CONSTITUENTS OF SALARY The two basic constituents of salary are : Monetary payments (e.g.- basic salary, bonus, commission , allowance etc) Non- Monetary facilities (e.g.- house accommodation, medical facilities , interest free loans etc.) PROVISIONS UNDER INCOME TAX ACT 1961 REGARDING INCOME FROM SALARY SECTION 15 - CHARGE A BILITY It includes full time as well as part employment . Salary foregone by a employee is also accountable. Tax paid by employer on the salary of the employee also constitutes the income of the employee SECTION 16 - DEDUCTIONS Entertainment allowance Professional Tax SECTION 17 - DEFINITIONS NATURE AND SCOPE OF SALARY Relation between Payer and Payee: The relation between payer and payee should be that of employer and employee . I n other words for an income to be taxed under head salaries the relation between payer and payee should be of employer and employee. Employer may be an Individual, firm, AOP etc and an employee may be full time or part time employee. If the relation between payer and payee is not that of employer and employee income received cannot be charged under head Salaries it would be charged under other heads. TEST: The test to determine the employer-employee relationship between the payer and recipient is existence of right of control in respect of manner in which the work is to be done. Income by way of examinership fees received by a professor from the same university in which he is employed would not be chargeable to tax under this head but must be taxed as Income from other sources under Section 56. Income by way of remuneration received by a managing director would be taxable as his salary income whereas the income received by him as directors fees in his capacity as director for attending the meetings of the Board would be assessable under the head Income from other sources. An official liquidator appointed by the Court or by the Central Government would also become an employee of the Central Government under Section 448 of the Companies Act, 1956 and consequently the remuneration due to him would also be assessable under the head Salaries. Remuneration received by a manager of a company even if he is wrongly designated as a director or by any other name would be chargeable to tax under this head regardless of the fact that the

Social information processing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social information processing theory - Essay Example Many different theories of communication have also sprung up to make the subject of communication more academic and easier to study and understand. One of these theories, which also transcends into a form of communication is the social information processing theory proposed by Joseph Walther in 1992 (Hissam and Daniel, 2009). In this essay, there is a critical analysis of the theory in terms of how online communication relationships may be established, the differences that exists between computer mediated communication, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of computer mediate communication. Online Communication Relationship One of the fundamental aspects of the social information processing theory is the use of online communication. Indeed, the advancement of technology has made online communication a very common phenomenon of late. Through devices such as smart phones, laptops, desktop computers and tablet computers, people use the internet to interact with one another. A unique feature of online communication is the kind of relationship that is established between two people communicating. ... on, as per son offered several avenues to send and receive information including the use of verbal communication, video calling, text messaging, pictures and the kind. All of these avenues help in making relationships forth coming and effective (Humphrey, 2001). The only hindrance identified with online communication relationship is that it trust and interpersonal relationship development takes a very long time to develop. This is because in most cases, there are very few things that can be learnt about people involved in the communication at a time and so the need to be sluggish in developing interpersonal relationship has always been advised. New technology and computer mediated communication Comparatively, computer mediated communication and for that matter social information processing theory has become better than it used to be in 1992 when it was first proposed by Joseph Walther. The reason behind this is the indulgence and evolution of new technology, most of which has come in the form of internet assisted information sharing. Examples of such new media include authoring tools like internet blogs, social information aggregation such as scratchmysoul.com and collaboration tools including the Wikipedia (Humphrey, 2001). Other forms of new technology that has enhanced computer mediated communication is tagging systems like Flickr and collaborative filtering such as Yahoo Answers. But of all these, social networking could be said to be the most influential towards the advancement of computer mediated communication. When it started newly, social networking was used only on a friendship communication but today the trend has changed such that social networking is used by almost every organization and institution that matters for communication purposes. Computer

Operation Managment Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Operation Managment Report - Essay Example The Board of executives remains as the head officials followed by the branch supervisors who are appointed over the different operational activities of the said technological group. Through the assistance of the said system of authorization, the different activities of the organization becomes more and more progressive suggesting the fact that the officers indeed put their efforts forward for the sake of organizational success procedures. It could be noted that the strategy of management that the said organization deals with certainly portrays the fact that the officials put their best in assisting the whole team in becoming effective performers in their own responsibilities in the operations of the organization. Holding full control of their human resources has also been the key factor that brought the said organization the success that they particularly needed from operating in business. The management divisions see to it that they are able to provide their people with the satisfaction and the motivation that they ought to receive from the higher management of the organization. The people then in return perform at their best to be able to return the favor to the organization. The two major branches of the organization primarily deal with the best procedures of dealing with their human resources through the utilization of reasonable policies and effective procedures of helping the people force reach their goals through the reasonable efforts that they devote for the completion of their appointed jobs. The groups is obviously hoping for a better future which they primarily sourced out from believing that the governance of their organization would be effective enough to handle the said advancements in the future. Through this, the members of the group believe that they are capable of facing the future with much confidence that they would be the main organization who would help the human

Human Biological Systems, Gas Exchange & Transport Assignment

Human Biological Systems, Gas Exchange & Transport - Assignment Example Overall, this CNS control determines the depth and frequency of the respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006, p.3) 2. Ventilatory Pump a) Muscles of respiration: there are two sets of muscles that are classified either muscles of inspiration or muscles of expiration. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are muscles of inspiration whereas internal intercostal muscle is the muscle of expiration. There are some accessory muscles that assist in forceful inspiration or expiration such as sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoralis and abdominal muscles. b) Chest wall skeleton: rib cage provides the major skeleton support for lungs. c) Chest wall connective tissue: d) Airways: nares (nose), larynx, trachea, bronchus and bronchioles. e) Pleura: visceral pleura and parietal pleura. f) Spinal cord and peripheral nerves: C3, C4 and C5 spinal segments provide innervations to diaphragm via phrenic nerve. All the intercostal muscles get segmental innervations through intercostal nerves that run in the intercostal groove along with artery and vein. Most of the structures of Ventilatory pump, such as muscles and skeleton, ensure appropriate movement of the chest wall and adequate change in the intrathoracic pressure during inspiration and expiration. All the components of airway provide an uninterrupted passage of air to and from the alveoli. The passage is also lined with special epithelium that produces mucus and is studded with cilia (Hlastala & Berger, 1996, p.23). Mucus moist or warm the air whereas cilia traps any foreign particles and clear excess mucus. Parietal pleura line the chest wall and visceral pleura cover the outer surface of the lung. In between these two layers is a pleural space that contains a small amount of fluid. This pleural space plays a critical role in changing the intrathoracic pressure. Spinal cord and peripheral nerves provide a communication between controller and muscles of respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006, p.15-23) 3. Gas Exch anger a) Alveoli: the terminal bronchioles are studded with hollow grape like structures called alveoli. b) Pulmonary capillaries: these capillaries originate from the branches of pulmonary artery and aggregate to form pulmonary vein. Terminal bronchioles and alveoli are the sites of gas exchange (no gas exchange take place in the rest of the airway and is referred to as dead space). These alveoli provide abundant surface area for adequate diffusion of gases. Understandably, alveoli are surrounded by thousand of blood capillaries to ensure effective transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide. TAQ 2: 1. Using annotated diagrams explain the processes involved in breathing in and out. Fig 2.1: shows the process of breathing and the structures involved. Breathing In: The process of breathing in is called inspiration. There are two important muscles, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, that take part in this process. When a person breathes in, diaphragm contracts and chest expands inc reasing volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative intrathoracic pressure (fig 2.1). Therefore, air flows from a relatively positive atmospheric pressure towards the negative intrathoracic pressure and fill both lungs. Breathing Out: The process of breathing out is called expiration. Unlike inspiration, expiration at rest is a passive process and do not require muscle support. In fact, the elastic recoil

History Of Persuasion Rhetoric English Language Essay

History Of Persuasion Rhetoric English Language Essay Rhetoric, the study of how human beings use symbols to communicate( Foss, Foss, Trapp, 2002), is one of the oldest concepts of human communication in the Western World which dates back to the fifth century B.C( Baldwin, Perry, Moffitt,2004). This field of study marked the advent of speech communication. A pivotal concept studied in the field of rhetoric is Persuasion. Such is the prominence of this particular phenomenon in this discipline that, in present times, the study of rhetoric is generally considered synchronous to the study of persuasive communication.( Baldwin et al, 2004). Persuasion stems from the three cultures which make up the classical rhetorical theory. It all started with the sophists, a body of Greek teachers, who wrote handbooks which defined methods of producing and delivering persuasive messages. The act of sophists charging money for their services and their strong criticism by Plato perpetuated an antisophistic sentiment which lead to their subsequent demise. By this time ( 428 -348 B.C) Plato had come to the forefront and professed the necessity of finding the absolute truth( Baldwin et al, 2004). Platos student Aristotle constructed a philosophy which drew from the ideologies advocated by the sophists as well as Plato, providing a sort of middle ground between completely relative to absolute unvarying truth.( Baldwin et al, 2004, pg 78). In his masterpiece The Rhetoric, Aristotle speaks of the three essential elements of an effective persuasive speech: ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is the moral character of the speaker, pathos is taking into consideration the feelings of the audience members and logos is the accuracy of logic and argument in the speech.( OHair , Wiemann,2009). The current literature review primarily focuses on the role of pathos in persuasive messages. But before progressing in that direction, the most fundamental question which needs to be addressed is : What is persuasion? Persuasion and Interpersonal Influence Persuasion, at its very core, is an attempt to influence without direct coercion ( Dillard, Pfau, 2002). Daniel OKeefe in his book Persuasion: Theory and Research smartly pointed out that success is considered to be ingrained in the concept of persuasion. To make a claim that I was persuaded means that the attempt of influence was indeed successful. This influence attempt can either be to bring in a complete change in attitude and beliefs which is inclusive of emotions and behavior of another person or to just preserve this attitudinal change. (Dillard et al 2002). The early research work conducted on persuasion has primarily been with respect to a large audience setup ( Miller 1987). However, with the realization that almost 80 % of the influence attempts occur in close relationships( Dillard,Knobloch, 2002) the focus on research work has steered towards interpersonal influence which, as the name suggests, focuses on the persuasive message production and effects( dillard , knobloch , 2002) in interpersonal relationships. One of the main differences which crops up between the study of rhetoric and the study of persuasion theories is the fact that research on rhetoric is primarily humanistic while persuasion takes a more social scientific bend trying to explicate the variables which enhance or inhibit the probability of success of a persuasive message (Baldwin et al 2002). Affect, Emotion, Mood and Feelings : Same or different? Some researchers use the terms affect emotion and mood interchangeably, but these terms need to be delineated for a better understanding of each of their roles in persuasive communication( Guerrero, Anderson , Trost, 1998). Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. Emotions are considered to be internal and have a primary focus on affect. Moods are longer lasting feelings (which are not as concrete and specific as emotions ( Clore, Shwartz,Conway, 1994 ; Frijda,1986 in Jorgenson,1998). A more detailed description of the terms are accounted for below. Affect Definition: Origin: There have been two contesting views on the source of affect. Studies conducted by Dillard and Wilson(1993) explicated the message irrelevant affect where the affect itself bears no logical relationship to the content of the message , it has nothing to do with the message whatsoever ( Dillard, Pfau,2002). This type of affect takes into account the emotional state existing prior to the reception of a persuasive message which has a significant impact on the message processing by an individual(Anderson, Guerrero,1998). The other view on the source of affect, the message induced affect (Dillard, Wilson, 1993) is one where affect is considered a part and parcel of the message evaluation, when messages are designed in a way to evoke certain emotions and feelings which serve as the basis of acceptance of the advocacy(Dillard, Pfau,2002). Dillard and Wilson(1993) refer to it as direct effect as the emotion occurs in direct response to a given message(Jorgenson,1998, pg.406). Structure of Affect Dillard and Meijenders(2002) accounted for three models of affect on which I am going to focus on as well. The first model is the Bipolar Valence Model. According to this model, affect should be structured as a single continuum with positive affect on one end of the spectrum and negative affect on the other. This model suggests how the pre-existing affective states have a considerable effect on how the receiver processes the message. The mood as information hypothesis in this regard states that positive mood or affective state of a receiver encourages heuristic message processing while negative moods elicit cognitive processing. Mood management hypothesis( Wegener and Petty,1996) was formulated as a challenge to the mood as information hypothesis which states that information processing depends on the affective state of the receiver in a different way. If the receiver feels that elaborative processing of a positive message can enhance his mood, he will indulge in it. The second model is the Two Dimensional Model. Dillard and Meijnders(2002) account for two types of two dimensional models. One model has pleasure as one dimension and arousal as the second one. The conceptual allure of this circumplex is its ability to explain affective experience as blends of pleasure and arousal (Reisenzein, 1994 in Dillard, Meijnders 2002). Empirical evidence shows that increased arousal inhibits systematic processing of messages. The second model in this category has two systems as the two dimensions. One of them, the behavioral approach system, facilitates goal directed behavior. The other one, behavioral inhibition system discourages behavior which may lead to undesired negative results.(Davidson,1993 ;Gray,1990 in Dillard, Meijnders, 2002, pg 316). The third and final model named the Discrete Emotion Model distinguished emotions from one another on the grounds that they are characterized by varied systemic changes( Dillard and Meijenders,2002). The main function of this model is to elicit the fact that each emotion has distinct effects on a variety of persuasive outcomes.( Dillard and Meijenders, 2002). Information Processing Models After the persuasive message has been disseminated, the audience member processes the information in different ways depending on factors such as the message features and audience members emotional and affective state. Different models of information processing are formulated based on these caharacteristics. Message Relevant Models : Elaboration Likelihood Model as well as Heuristic Systematic Processing ( as a dual process model as) postulate two distinct modes of message analysis. The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion is an approach developed by Richard Petty,John Caciaoppo and their associates(1986a,1986b) which postulates that there can be two different routes to persuasion depending on the extent to which the argument is elaborated, by the central route or by the peripheral route( Anderson, Guerrero,1998). The central route is when the receiver of the message weighs the argumentative quality of the message and processes the message using sound logic and reason whereas peripheral route is when the receiver of the message uses cues such as mood(Anderson, Guerrero,1998) to react to the persuasive message. When the receivers motivation is low and he is unable to judge the cognitive aspects of the message, i.e., he performs low elaboration of the message, the receiver is then generally guided by simpler heuristic principles such as credibility, liking, and consensus (O Keefe, 2002). On the other hand, during extensive elaboration, the content of the mes sage takes predominance over the peripheral cues. Jorgensen(2002) argues that emotional appeals are more effective as persuasive tools during low elaboration and even brings about attitude change in the receiver, however such attitude change is more fleeting than those brought about by the central route processing.(authors, pg409). The Heuristic Systematic Processing model is also used to explain the message processing methods used by receivers of persuasive messages. According to this model, there are two ways by which a receiver will judge a message, either by Systematic processing or by Heuristic Processing. Dillard and Peck ( 2000) in their article on evaluation of Public Service announcements succinctly describe both approaches in this model with reference to how the audience perceives the persuasive health campaign messages. They state that systematic processing is contemplative analytic and responsive to the argumentative quality of the message while heuristic processing involves the usage of shortcut decision making rules called heuristics to make a faster decision. Many researchers have stated that affect serves as the basis of the heuristics in heuristic reasoning. Emotion is, perhaps, the psychological heuristic key to human survival( pg 735, persuasion handbook). WHEN ARE THE TWO USED? Appraisal Theory : The appraisal theory explains the simple causal sequence through which emotions arise in the following steps : the message is produced by the speaker, perceived by the hearer and then appraised by the hearer. The receiver makes a judgment call by appraising the message against the dimension of the resultant personal harm or benefit and depending upon the extent of the judgment, an emotion arises( iv). In a nutshell, this theory suggests that a message may engender emotions as a result of the receivers judgment or not evoke any emotions all together. Appraisal Pattern: Message Irrelevant Models Effect of Mood on Persuasion More than models, three hypotheses govern the explanation of how mood has a substantial effect on message processing. We have already discussed how the elaboration of a message affects the message processing by the receiver. Now, we shift our attention to the reasons behind the differing elaboration of the message by the receiver. As suggested by Blumenthal () , the mood regulation hypothesis states that cognitive information processing of a persuasive message is influenced by the receivers mood. If the receiver is in a positive mood , he is motivated to steer away from a deep analysis of the message for it might take him out of that good mood. Similarly , if someone is in a negative mood, he is more likely to evaluate the incoming stimuli more carefully. Thus positive mood involves heuristic cognitive processing of a communication message and negative mood is synchronous with the in depth systematic processing of the message. The motivational hypothesis also has a similar line of belief. It states that the use of peripheral or systematic processing to evaluate a message depends upon the mood of the receiver; if the person is in a certain mood, he might be predisposed to choose a certain method of message processing over another. For example the research conducted by Isen(1991) suggests that people in a good emotional state are more inclined towards low elaboration of a message as they just want to hold on to their positive mood( handbook). On the other hand, people in bad moods tend to be in a threatened mentality where in they want to judge every message carefully to be sure to not make costly judgments about the state of the world( Jorgensen). The motivational hypothesis also sheds light on the way the argumentative quality of the message is perceived in different emotional states. Recipients of strong arguments should be more persuaded when they are in a bad mood and conversely, recipients of weak argu ments should be more persuaded when they are in a good mood. This shows that the mood plays an instrumental role in deciding the acceptance of the message as well as its argumentative quality. The cognitive capacity hypothesis can be considered as an extension of the motivational hypothesis as together with asserting that affective states do influence the information processing capacity of the receiver it also states that these affective states may also interfere with the information processing. However it fails to state which affective state acts as the hindrance because under different circumstances different affective states can become the hindrance. This claim is elucidated by Dillard and Nabi(2006) when they posited that different emotional states can enhance or inhibit persuasive success and that under different circumstances the same emotional states may inhibit or enhance persuasive processes. Understanding that emotional appeals play an important and legitimate role in the process of persuasion is an important first step for communication researchers. Emotions: Emotion plays a major role in various forms of persuasive communication, from politics to health communication to advertisements. Aristotle stated that persuasion is accomplished by the interplay of three forms of rhetorical proof( real communication ph 461), ethos which reflects the speakers trustworthiness and moral character; logos which stands for a well reasoned and structured argument and finally pathos which denotes the audiences feelings. Even though everyday attempts of persuasion depend heavily on emotional appeals, emotion is the one variable which has had very little inquiry. There can be many reasons for this discrepancy. One of them could be the over emphasis of logic over emotion, researchers have always treated logic as a superior dimension in the construction of persuasive messages(Jergenson,1998). On the other hand Seibold, Cantrill and Meyers(1985 p559) point out that most of the times emotion is taken for granted. Since emotion is so effortlessly incorporated in most of our day to day persuasive messages that researchers just assume its effectiveness in the persuasive process rather than tes ting its operation( vi). Jorgensen(1998) posits the two competing notions of studying emotions: one of them states that emotion is not an integral part of the persuasion process rather it is a offshoot of the communicative process. In this view, emotions are looked upon as inherent states of the receiver, ones which do not have any direct relation with the persuasive message. The other view suggests that emotions are an integral part of the persuasive messages and emotional appeals are explicitly used to bring in attitude change thus accomplishing the primary goal of the persuasive process. Affect, Emotion, Feeling and Mood Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. Emotions are considered to be internal and have a primary focus on affect. Together with this, emotions are also thought to be specific, focused and foregrounded in consciousness.(v) . The concept of emotion becomes clearer when seen in comparison with mood. Unlike emotion, moods are considered to be longer lasting feelings which may not be about anything specific. Instances like I am happy because I feel good , which do not have any sound and concrete reasons backing up the resulting emotion are considered to be moods. Moods are also not characterized by a specific outcome stimuli and even though mood seems to be something which is fleeting and diffusive, it does have serious effects on message information processing. (Geurrero, Andersen, troust,1998). Before we delve into that part of research, we will look a bit more in details on emotion. There are three ways in which emotions can be conceptualized : the discrete emotions approach, the prototype approach and the dimensional approach. The discrete emotion approach pivots around a central claim, emotions guide behavior(handbook of persuasion pg 318). As the name suggests, this approach considers each emotion to be discrete and also postulates that each emotion supplies a unique information manifesting distinct patterns of cognitive change( handbook). This means that if each emotion has a distinct pattern of behavioral change, then these emotions should also elicit distinct effects of persuasion. In the dimensional approach, emotions are categorized according to different dimensions like valence, activity and intensity. The prototype approach offers a middle ground position between discrete emotional approach and dimensional approach by categorizing emotions by a number of characteristics like valence, functions and expressions( pg 19 , guerrero, Anderson and trost). Emotional Appeal and Emotional Arousal: The meaning of appeal is to request for change. Emotional appeal is hence an appeal through emotions. Considering that emotional appeals are profusely implemented in everyday persuasive attempts, the limited attention and research on emotionality is astounding. There can be many reasons for this neglect. One of them could be the over emphasis of logic over emotion, researchers have always treated logic as a superior dimension in the construction of persuasive messages(Jergenson,1998). On the other hand Seibold, Cantrill and Meyers(1985 p559) point out that most of the times emotion is taken for granted. Since emotion is so effortlessly incorporated in most of our day to day persuasive messages that researchers just assume its effectiveness in the persuasive process rather than testing its operation( vi). Dillard and Wilson(1993) claim until the 1960s, research on emotions was negated by many of the social sciences on the grounds of it not being in accordance with the theory of logica l positivism. Although the recognition of the importance of emotion from a communication perspective( Jorgenson,1998) gained prominence in the 1980s.(Dillard and Wilson 1993). Through research it was realized that the effectiveness of persuasive messages in highly enhanced when the message incorporates both flawless logic as well as the effective arousal of the receivers emotions.(Arnold,1985). Emotional persuasion is this the method by which the message receiver is persuaded through the arousal of emotion or through appeal to expected emotion. Sometimes the message producers include emotional appeals in the messages, intending to arouse a certain sort of emotion in the receiver which would increase the effectiveness of the persuasive message. However, the interpretation of the message by the audience member may have three possibilities; after the receiver appraises the message, the intended emotion will be invoked in him; multiple emotions are invoked in the receiver or no emotions are evoked altogether. Thus the study of emotional appeals has been done by a trial and error method ( Jorgenson, 1998) and also challenges the principle of the CFM model(Nabi,1999) to an extent. The cfm model states that the message producers should firstly decide which emotion they want to evoke to achieve their persuasive goals and then construct the message in a way to reflect the core relational theme or the crux of that emotion. This model points out one of the processes of emotional arousal. Another generic way of arousing emotions is by incorporating a novel stimuli in the message. It has been observed that often times prior knowledge may inhibit emotional arousal(iii). There are certain emotional appeals which evoke negative emotions in the audience member for example fear appeals in specific health campaign messages. In such messages, when the emotional arousal is followed up with effective and feasible ways to overcome the fear, this strategy is very effective in increasing the persuasiveness of the message. For example, when a commercial on AIDS elicits fear in the audience member, the next step should be to also inform the audience member about safe sex, the usage of condoms and other preventive measures which reassures the audience member as well. Walton(1992) states that many a times emotional appeals in messages are either irrelevant, i.e. , it is not pertinent to the message being conveyed or they are used as tools to camouflage the weakness of an argument being presented to inappropriately influence the listener(vi). Thus, even though it is the receivers perception of the emotion induced message which guides his attitude and the subsequent action, the receiver should be careful of the way in which he reaches his conclusion about the persuasive message. Thus from the above observations it can be summarized that the efficacy of a persuasive message from the stand point of a receiver can be measured in three parameters : the credibility of the source , the effective emotional arousal by the message and finally the provision of feasible measures to cater to the emotion( vi). Structure of Affect and Future Research :

The role of Women in Greece :: essays research papers

Greek women, as depicted as in their history and literature, endure many hardships and struggle to establish a meaningful status in their society. In the Odyssey, Penelope’s only role in the epic is to support Odysseus and remain loyal to him. She is at home and struggles to keep her family intact while Odysseus is away trying to return to his native land. The cultural role of women is depicted as being supportive of man and nothing more. Yet what women in ancient Greece did long ago was by far more impressive than what men did. Unfortunately though, they were still placed at a level that was below man because he is depicted as being the root of the family. This fact not only holds true for The Odyssey but in the ancient Greek way of life, too. For example, women did not have such a meaningful role in Greek drama as the men did. The parts of women would be played by men in the majority of the plays. The reason this took place was because all of the playwrights were men. There were cases in which women were used in plays but they were used solely as models. Nonetheless, all of the types of women that lived in ancient Greece were depicted in all of the playwrights. The women in these plays were depicted by the role of a sinner, saint, poetess, coward, heroine, and many more. This was purposefully done in an attempt to make the audience relate to a certain character. In doing so, they could imagine that they were indeed a part of the play to some extent. As a result, these characters have significant religious meanings and serve as a form of inspiration to other women. This would mainly apply to those women who were in attendance. This would include women of all classes that simply wanted to watch a play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their limitations amongst society can also be noticed by the amount of education that they are entitled to. Plato’s Republic mentions how the role of women is determined by the status of their spouse. For instance, if a woman were to be the wife of a guard, then she would be expected to live at the level of that status, too. She is expected to be able to contribute to society a great deal more rather than stay at home and take care of her children and household.

Case Brief: Mercan Systems,

Background and Problem Definition Mercan Systems, Inc. founded in 1980 their first product being a desalinator which was used to remove salts from brackish well water supplied it to mobile home park residents in Florida. The product was very successful in the market and it quickly expanded to nearby hospitals and bottlers of water for sale to consumer. By 2000, they made vast improvement in their product by including particle filters, ozonators, ion exchange resins, and purifiers. It had kept its price higher than its competitors.They launched a new product and wanted to formulate an entry strategy for the market entry of Delight water purifier in India. Market and Industry Analysis There were approximately 44 million households who took precautions and all the safety measures for their family. About 50% of the target market used traditional boiling water method, 20% used candle filters and another 20% used water purifiers. The major competitor for Mercan was Eureka Forbes who mainly had two products namely Aqua guard and Pure sip. The unit prices for Aqua guard and pure sip were approx. Rs. 5500 and Rs. 2000.Apart from this there were other companies like Ion Exchange, Singer, and Delta Brand. On more careful observation Chatterjee found out that maximum Sales were from urban areas where the existing manufacturers were reaching only 10-15% of the entire Indian population. Evaluation of Alternative course of Action 1. Direct Acquisition/Joint Venture Looking at the estimated sales figure from Exhibit 3 we find that the Sales were approximately 430000 units. Analyzing it further we see that in case we adopt the skimming price strategy and sell products through Dealer channel we can estimate a sales of 279. million INR in comparison to 129 million INR in case Penetration strategy. We observe the same thing for Direct Sales we can see that in case of skimming strategy the estimated sales were 215 million INR and in case of penetration strategy it was 86 million IN R. (Exhibit 1 for the analysis). The pros and cons for adopting the strategy will be: – Pros: There is a huge opportunity to gain market share with new technology. Cons: Initial investment is Rs. 30 Million is pretty high. Moreover Joint Ventures may turn out to be complicated as it will involve people with different mindset and working style. 2. LicenseeConsidering the total cost incurred for licensee 35000 USD (Exhibit 2) and estimated sales contribution as 129 Million INR (Exhibit 3) Pros: It has minimal cost and is of less risk. It can receive royalty from licensee. National staff can be hired with minimum salary Cons: No control over licensee’s operation Conclusion My recommendation will be they must go with option 1 which is to enter India’s market using joint venture/ acquisition mode of entry. Exhibit 1 Estimated Sales in units = 430000 units Contribution per unitCalculationsEstimated Sales Skimming Price through Dealer Channel650=650*430000279. Million INR Penetration Price through Dealer channel300 =300*430000129 Million INR Skimming Price through Direct Sales force500 =500*430000215 Million INR Penetration Price through Direct Sales force200 =200*43000086 Million INR Exhibit 2 capital for production facilities and equipment30000 USD office facilities and equipment. 5000 USD Total investment35000 USD Exhibit 3 Contribution per unit (Average royalty per unit)300 INR Total no. of units sold (estimated) i. e. , National market potential430000 units Estimated Sales contribution300*430000=129 Million INR

Profile of the Aryan Warriors Prison Gang

Profile of the Aryan Warriors Prison Gang The Aryan Warriors is a criminal gang that operates inside the Nevada prison system and in certain communities in Nevada. They offer protection to white inmates if they join the gang. History The Aryan Warriors began in 1973 in the Nevada State prison system. The gang, designed after the California gang the Aryan Brotherhood, claimed to be intended to protect whites against attacks from black prisoners. After seeking a charter membership from the AB and being turned down, the AW gang was on its own. About a year into its creation the gang, who up to now was unable to organize, was taken over by an older inmate doing a life sentence named The Pope. Familiar with the way the AB gang worked, The Pope began to organize and structure the Aryan Warriors. He established rules for all gang members to follow and a hierarchy of leadership. Building up the physical strength of the AW became a priority. Focusing on its enemy, primarily black inmates, became its target. Building the gangs reputation for violence and selecting future members based on their strength and violent backgrounds became its mission. Gang Structure The Pope designed a structure of leadership for all to follow. To this day members adhere to a written manifesto which establishes positions or ranks within the gang, such as horn holders (leaders), bolt holders (full members), prospects (potential members), and associates (non-members who are affiliated with the organization.) In order to become a full member, a prospect is required to perform a violent act as dictated by the horn blowers. Once they do it they become bolt holders and are tattooed (or branded) with lightning bolts on the inside of their left biceps. To rise to the next level, horn holders, they must perform a more serious violent act, which often includes murder. Once completed they are given a tattoo with a Viking helmet with the letters AW, which is put on their left upper chest. Horn-blowers, under the direction of the top leader, are in charge of running all gang activities. Black Gangs Rise to the Threat Not willing to succumb to the Aryan Warriors, the black inmates organized the Black Warriors and duplicated much of the AW symbols, like the helmet with a horn. Power struggles began to go on in the prison yard, a place the black inmates had long controlled and a war between the two gangs became imminent. The Aryan Warriors Prepare for War The Aryan Warriors had been manufacturing weapons inside prison and with the impending war with the Black Warriors close at hand, production sped up. They also met with Native American inmates who had also been in conflict with the BWs, and the two groups made a pact to fight on the same side to bring down the BWs. The showdown occurred in the prison cafeteria and the blacks, many unarmed and taken by surprise by the AWs and Native attackers, lost the battle. The whites and the Natives now had full control of the prison yard. The Thirst for More Power Now in control, the Aryan Warriors sought more power and began going after those who they were supposed to be protecting - white inmates. Intimidation and threats were used to extort money from white inmates and their families. Those who refused would be beaten and sold as prison yard prostitutes. Instead of focusing on protection, the AW was now focused on drug distribution, extortion, and weaponry. Aryan Warriors or Aryan Witnesses? On November 5, 1980, a group of AWs murdered an inmate, Danny Lee Jackson, who they suspected to be a snitch. They then bragged about it in the prison yard. The murder and the boasting turned out to be a fatal mistake for the gang. Robert Manly was a young prison deputy with an eye on the future. His door to the future opened when given the responsibility to find out who murdered the inmate. The AW, who had spent years extorting inmates, had many enemies willing to talk to Manly. This gave the deputy enough information to corner AW gang members, many of who rolled over and became state witnesses. In return, several received early releases. No longer having any hope of charter membership into the AB and with many of its members gone, the AW had lost most of its power. Its leader, The Pope, died in 1997, which proved to devastate the gangs power even more. Aryan Warriors Today Prison officials say that today the AW, now numbering about 100 members, still asserts control over other prisoners by using violence, including murder and attempted murder, assaults and extortion. They also corrupt guards, extort money and favors from prisoners and their families, distribute illegal drugs, and run extensive illegal gambling operations. The Aryan Warriors also operate a street program in Las Vegas, Reno, and Pahrump, in which members, associates, and girlfriends distribute drugs, steal or fraudulently obtain identification and credit cards, commit other crimes, and smuggle drugs into the prisons. Members use the money earned in the street program to support other criminal activities of the gang and to financially support incarcerated Aryan Warrior leaders. On July 10, 2007, 14 Aryan Warrior gang members were indicted and charged with murder, attempted murder, extortion, operating an illegal gambling business, identity theft and fraud, and drug trafficking. Michael Kennedy, an admitted leader of the Aryan Warriors pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy in a related case. Seven of the 14 pleaded guilty to various charges and on July 9, 2009, five were found guilty. With the leader and other top gang members out of commission the future of the Aryan Warriors is questionable, however, some prison officials feel that this type of attention could actually strengthen the AW with other members moving into the now-vacant positions of leadership. Source: Criminal Intelligence Bureau